Posts tagged "fear"

IMPORTANT NEW WORLD ORDER World War 3 2011

NEW WORLD ORDER, a plan that has been around for centuries. Want to get enslaved? Or do you want to be free?

http://www.youtube.com/user/chemlin

http://www.youtube.com/user/NufffRespect

http://www.youtube.com/user/drfreemason

http://www.youtube.com/user/THELlGHT

http://www.youtube.com/user/Georgebushpimps

http://www.youtube.com/user/PauliesCustoms

http://www.youtube.com/user/OneEyedBeastTV

http://www.youtube.com/user/SENTIENTMIND

http://www.youtube.com/user/EXOMATRlXTV

http://www.youtube.com/user/BIGckEK

http://www.youtube.com/user/AllSeeingGuy

http://www.youtube.com/user/danbowski40

http://www.youtube.com/user/TheCozmikTruth

http://www.youtube.com/user/theallseingeye

http://www.youtube.com/user/Kennykpz1979

http://www.youtube.com/user/ISENTRY

Duration : 0:3:53

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The New World Order Fears Truthers On Youtube

When we read between the lines, it is the Truth Movement the Illuminati-run New World Order is afraid of. Their goal is to demonized people searching for and sharing information, so they can label them as terrorist.
Youtubers have exposed how 911 was an inside job, and many other false flag events of recent history. They’ve documented the deliberate spraying of Chemtrails all over the world, and revealed the falsehood of man-made global warming, which interferes with the Globalist’s agenda for a Carbon Tax that they can prosper from. They’ve questioned the true purpose of FEMA and the relocation centers that have been constructed. In addition, the dangers of vaccines and fluoride have been exposed.
Also, Information revealing the seriousness of the Gulf Oil Disaster have been reported, and much more.
Some of us have even begun to unite spiritually, as people of various faiths are willing to have open discussions that examine the false teachings of our fathers.
The Evildoers cannot stand to see all their lies exposed, and their house of cards crumbling, that they’ve used for so long to control and divide us.

Peace to all of you,
WhereIsTruth

http://www.youtube.com/user/WhereIsTruth

Video mirrored from youtuber truth2theyouth

http://www.youtube.com/user/truth2theyouth

Jehovah Yahweh YHVH YHWH Allah God Bible Quran Gulf Oil Disaster Spill 911 Truth Movement Truthers Illuminati New World Order agenda exposed Ban Banned Internet freedom of speech constitution bill of rights fear false flag terrorism America people not terrorist Jews Christians Islam Muslims Believers Submitters Witnesses religion debate inside job History Science News Weather puppets Chemtrails Haarp Globalist government Fema concentration camps youtube internet censorship censor World Awakening WhereIsTruth truth2theyouth

Duration : 0:10:52

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Have you ever seen just how deep the rabbit hole really goes?

Have you ever felt like all that you see is an illusion and a something much grander is going on something they don’t want us to know about. Something that many of us fear but in truth is not scary. Have you ever wondered if reality is fantasy and fantasy is reality? Could we be living on a prison planet.

Did you ever wonder why there are so many endless contradictions in the judeo-christian bible? Do you want to know why? The reason for this- is its nothing but a book of false promises. Although, most Christians are taught to be good sheep of the pasture and not to question. One thing about sheep though is they can easily be driven off a cliff. The bible was and is nothing more than a tool to remove spiritual knowledge from the populace, and to enslave you. Here is an interesting quote made in the 16th century (1475-1521) by Pope Leo X of the roman catholic church: "It has served us well, this myth of Christ". I think that pretty much sums up everything in the Christian religion; it’s nothing more than a HOAX!

Everything in the judeo-christian bible has been stolen from the Ancient Pagan religions that predated it from a few hundred to several thousands of years. The bible is full of spiritual allegories that were stolen and corrupted into real places with real beings, this was done to deceive you and keep the truth hidden. Additionally, EVERY major story in the bible was STOLEN (derivatives or copies) from the Ancient Sumerian and Ancient Egyptian cultures. Here are some examples: The story of Adam and eve, the great flood, the story of moses, the story of Mary and Jesus, this was STOLEN from Isis and Horus in Egyptian culture. That fictitious Nazarene is about the biggest joke there is, and a slap in the face to the human race. That Nazarene isn’t real at all; in fact it was stolen from some 18+ crucified pagan gods, such as Odin who hung from a tree and was born again

This knowledge has been deliberately withheld from the populace, to keep you enslaved and living in a total lie. Those at the top (the Jews, and the catholic leadership) know the truth, and they DO NOT want you to obtain this knowledge, but to remain servile. If you are interested in learning much more than you ever thought possible as a human being, the TRUTH that has been deliberately withheld from you and STOLEN from the original religions- then go to these websites that are listed below. I must tell you though; once you know the TRUTH you can never again be deceived by the LIE of Christianity. Stop the LIE with me, pass this on;

http://www.exposingchristianity.com

http://www.joyofsatan.org

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Pt. VI

• WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LAWYER AND A BARRISTER?

A lawyer is a person who practises law; one who conducts lawsuits for clients or advises clients of their legal rights and obligations. A barrister is a legal practitioner whose main function is to practice advocacy in court. They often have less interaction with clients. Barristers spend their working hours in chambers where they prepare their cases.

• WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT THE KEW GARDEN?

Kew Gardens in Thames, London is best known for being the home of the Royal Botanical Gardens (now a world heritage site). Other points of interest-include the Kew Palace and the National Archives (previously known as the Public Records Office) The Kew Gardens is special because it is an important international botanical research and education institution with a staff of over 700 people.

• WHAT IS THE ‘COOL BIZ’ CAMPAIGN?

This is a campaign introduced by Japan. In order, to save energy, it asks office goers and politicians to remove their ties and jackets to minimise the use of air conditioners and thereby reduce consumption of electricity and also the emission of greenhouse gases. German Chancellor, Angela Merkel who is currently visiting Japan to discuss, among other things, ways to tackle global warming, had a taste of the ‘cool biz’ campaign when the Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe informed her that his entourage wouldn’t be wearing their ties to adhere to the ‘cool biz’ campaign.

• WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE TERM POCKET MONEY?

Before the advent of pockets in shirts and trousers, money was kept in bags and sachets. Later, a smart tailor made a pocket on a garment and it became so useful, further innovations made a pocket suitable to safely keep money From then on, money kept in pockets for expenses came to known as pocket money

• WHAT IS ENTABLATURE?

It is the horizontal upper part of a wall or storey of a building designed on the principles of classical architecture. It is usually supported on columns, and consists of  three parts. These are the architrave, the lowermost part; the frieze, the decorative band in the middle; and the cornice, the crowning ornamental projection. Entablature was originally conceived by Vitruvius, an ancient Roman architect.

• WHICH IS THE WORLD’S FIRST AIR SHOW?

The world’s first air show was the International Air Meet held at Rheims, Franceheld in 1909. India’s first air show, AVIA-93 was held in December, 1993 in Bangalore. The world’s biggest air show was the  47th Paris Air Show. However, the world’s largest military air show  the RoyalInternational Air Tattoo (RAF Fairford, United Kingdom), held annually in July.

• WHAT IS A CIRCUIT FILTER?

A circuit filter is used in trading of shares in stock exchange. It’s applied to all the shares, to supposedly safeguard the interest of general investors from the extreme volatilities in markets by preventing any unexpected fall or rise of share price in a single day beyond a limit. If the limit is crossed by any of the shares in a single trading day it is frozen for trade.

• WHAT IS THE GINI COEFFICIENT?

The Gini Coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. It is defined as a ratio with values between 0 and 1: the numerator is the area between the Lorenz curve of the distribution and the uniform distribution line; the denominator is the area under the uniform distribution line. Thus, a low Gini Coefficient indicates more equal income or wealth distribution, while a high Gini Coefficient indicates more unequal distribution.

• WHAT IS THE TRIPLE FINGER SALUTE?

The three-finger salute is used by members of Scouts and Guides organisations around the world when greeting other Scouts and Guides and at some ceremonies. The salute is made with the palm face out, the thumb holding down the little finger, and the fingertips on the brow. In computer parlance, the triplefmger salute refers to describe the three-key sequence — Alt + Ctrl + Del — developed by David Bradley This term became popular after IBM PC compatible users continually hold down these keys each time their computers froze or had other problems.

• WHAT IS REFERRED TO AS THE WELL-COME COLLECTION?

The Wellcome Collection traces The development of medicine through history and spanning several cultures. Located in central London, it is a combination of exhibitions, libraries and cafes where people can learn more about the development of medicine. Part of the Well-come Trust, it was founded by Sir Henry Wellcome, a pharmacist, entrepreneur, philanthropist and collector, who garnered  a unique collection of articles relating to medicine and health. Recently, a British heart transplant patient, Jennifer Sutton, donated her old heart to the Well-come Collection, after receving a new one.

• WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE BAUDHAYAN THEOREM?

Baushayan Sulv Sutra (1000 BC) is today known as the Pythogorus theorem, which states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. In Baudhayan theorem, this has been expressed as follows: in a Deerghchatursh (triangle), the chetra (square) of rajju (hypotenuse) is equal to the sum of squares of the parshvamani (base) and triyangmani (perpendicular line). It is amazing to note that the pythagorus theorem was known in our country as far back as 1000 BC.

• WHY IS THE NUMBER 1 NOT CONSIDERED A PRIME NUMBER THOUGH IT FITS THE DEFINITION?

The number 1, in fact, does not fit the definition of a prime number. A positive integer is called a prime number only if there are exactly two divisors of that number. Since 1 has exactly one divisor (which is 1 itself), it does not fit this definition. Another equivalent definition of a prime number is this prime number’s only positive divisor should be less than 1 and itself. Again, 1 does not fit this definition either— there are no positive divisors of 1 which are less that 1.

• WHICH NATION HAS THE SMALLEST ARMY IN THE WORLD?

Vatican City, the world’s smallest country, has the smallest army. This army of 110 men, is also known as the Swiss Guard. Last year, the Vatican celebrated the 500th anniversary of the Swiss Guard. The celebration commemorated the 150 Swiss Helvetian mercenaries who came to Rome to serve Pope Julius II, on January 22,1506. The mercenaries covered a distance of 723 km in 27 days to enter Rome from Bellinzona, Switzerland. Swiss Helvetian mercenaries, famous for their courage, die-hard attitude and loyalty to their employers, were part of the regular armies of various countries at that time. As allies of the Pope, they helped to shape Italy’s destiny and thus they were granted the title ^Defenders of the Church’s freedom’ by the Pope. During the Sack of Rome on May 6, 1527, the Swiss Guard, comprising 189 personnel at that time, resisted a Spanish attack on Rome and the Vatican. But they had to retreat after suffering heavy casualties. Only 42 men survived the attack. However, the Guard was able to ensure Pope Clement VII’s escape to safety.

• WHERE WAS WINE FIRST MADE?

Wine is the fermented juice of grapes. Probably, the first people to make wine were Persian farmers living near the Caspian Sea. The Egyptians learned how to make wine from them as long back as 3000 BC. In the fourth century BC., the Greek conqueror Alexander the Great carried grapevines and the knowledge of wine-making to Central Asia. Roman invaders probably took vines to northern France and Germany in later centuries. Wine was common in the everyday lives of the early Greeks and Romans. It was important to their religious ceremonies. The God of wine was called Bacchus by the Romans and Dionysus by the Greeks.

• WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARXISM AND SOCIALISM?

Socialism is a modern doctrine and is Western in origin, emerging with the development of industrial capitalism at the start of the nineteenth century. Socialism denotes a broad system of ideas. Marxism is a materialistic conception of history which seeks to explain the development of all societies and furthermore, make predictions about future social change. Marxists consider the material world, nature and society as constantly moving. Whereas, the socialists emphasise the organic unity of society. Marxists consider the material world as an integrated whole in which all things and phenomena are interconnected and interdependent. Whereas, socialists believe in equality and abolition of private enterprise. Marxism provides a scientific explanation of nature and society and hence, was a powerful instrument for revolutionary transformation. The society envisaged by socialists rests on certain values: redistribution of wealth to get rid of inequality, cooperative production to get rid of selfish competitors and new patterns of work and education to promote the growth of well-rounded individuals.

• WHAT IS A HYPERCUBE?

Hypercube is the generalization in n-dimensions of a square in two dimensions and a cube in three dimensions. A square has four vertices (22), a cube, 8 vertices (23). Similarly, an n-dimensional hypercube has 2n vertices. In the famous painting ‘Christus Hypercubus’, Salvador Dali depicted Christ crucified on an unfolded four-dimensional hypercube. Examining the shadow of a cube reveals a square within a square. Similarly, the shadow of a four-dimensional hypercube will be a cube within a cube.

• WHY IS THE ALPHABET WRITTEN IN A SPECIFIC ORDER?

The alphabet has often been described as an arbitrary collection of symbols representing an arbitrary collection of sounds. Its order is equally random. The word alphabet comes from alpha and beta, the first two words in the Greek alphabet.

• WHAT IS STEAMING DISTANCE?

Steaming distance is the shortest distance between two ports, which a ship traverses while sailing from one port to another. It need not be along a straight line as, due to various physical and political constraints, it may not be always be desirable to sail along a straight route.

• WHICH IS THE OLDEST CIVILIZATION IN THE WORLD?

This has long been a subject of much debate and to this day no one is absolutely sure which is the oldest civilisation. This is mostly because people cannot agree on the definition of the word civilisation. The most common definition of the word is ‘an advanced state of development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of writing, and complex political and social institutions’. Mesopotamia is considered as the most likely answer to the question, based on archaeological evidence and the above definition. It is believed that Mesopotamian history starts from the emergence of urban societies in Southern Iraq in the 4th millennium.

• HOW IS A COUNTRY’S GDP MEASURED?

GDP or Gross Domestic Product is the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. GDP is customarily reported on an annual basis. It is the nation’s broadest gauge of economic health. It includes all of private and public consumption, government outlays, investments and exports and imports that occur within a defined territory The most common approach to measuring GDP is the expenditure method: GDP = consumption + investment (govern- ment spending) + (exports – imports). Another way of measuring GDP is to measure the total income payable in the GDP income accounts. This should provide the same figure as the expenditure method. Another formula is: GDP = rent + interests + profits + statistical adjustments (like corporate income taxes, dividends, undistributed corpo-1 rate profits) + wages.

• WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT UNIVERSITY OF TOULOUSE?

University of Toulouse is one of the oldest universities of France and is located in Toulouse, a city in Southern France on the banks of the Garonne river. It was founded in 1229 AD as a result of the Paris Treaty marking the end of the battle between the Roman Catholic Church and its opponents. Foulques de Toulouse, the then bishop of Toulouse, played a major role in the setting up of the university. Now, the university has an enrolment exceeding 1,00,000, and is the second largest university in France. The sixteenth century philosopher and astronomer Bruno and the Chemistry Nobel Laureate Sabatier, and the artist Dulac were some of its most illustrious faculty members.

• IN ANCIENT TIMES, WHY WERE PIGEONS USED FOR SENDING MESSAGES?

Pigeons were used for sending messages not only in ancient times, but as recently as early the 1900s, during World War I. A particular breed of pigeons called homing pigeons are specially suited for carrying messages, because they possess the uncanny ability of flying back to their home over long distances at high speeds. According to some reports, a homing pigeon flew back to its home after flying over 1600 miles at the peak speed of 60 miles per hour. Exactly how such birds navigate themselves is still not clear. Scientists hypothesise that the pigeon uses a variety of sources like the direction of the Sun, Earth’s magnetism, and odours associated with different places for finding its direction. Before the advent of telegraph, telephone and radio, using pigeons for sending messages was quite popular among the military, newspapers, and stock brokers. Such a messaging system was known as pigeon post.

• WHAT IS AN ATLAS CALLED SO?

Atlas is the term used to refer to a collection of maps, printed in a set order: world map, maps of the continents, each followed by maps of the several regions within that continent, and with an alphabetical gazetteer or list of place names, giving coordinates for various places, rivers, regions etc. The first use of the term atlas dates back to 1595 with the publication in Duisburg of the Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi Et Fabricati Figura by Gerard Mercator (1512-94). It was named after King Atlas, a mythical King of Mauretania in Libya, who was, according to legend, a wise philosopher, mathematician and astronomer and who supposedly made the first celestial globe. However, the more widely known Atlas is a figure from Greek mythology He is the son of the Titan lapetus and Clymene^or Asia), and brother of Prometheus. Atlas was punished by Zeus and made to bear the weight of the heavens and Earth on his back.

• WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE TERM ‘RULE OF THUMB’ ?

One theory about the phrase’s origin lies in the misplaced public belief that the English law allowed a man to beat his wife with a stick measuring no longer than his thumb. There was actually no such English law enacted at any time. This phrase has been in circulation since the 17th century This phrase commonly refers to any means of estimation based on a practical and ready method but not on scientific measurement. Another theory concerning the phrase’s origin involves the numerous ways in which thumbs have been used for estimation. Some examples are — measurement of distance based on an estimated inch which is about the length of a thumb; judging the alignment or distance of an object by holding the thumb at eye level etc.

• WHAT IS RED CORNER NOTICE?

Certain requests used by Interpol are sent in the forms of notices. The colour of each notice determines the type of information being sent or received by Interpol and its members. A red corner notice is issued at the request of a country’s law enforcement authority. The requesting country asks for a red notice to be issued when a criminal evades arrest and escapes from the country.

• WHICH IS THE SMALLEST AND LARGEST CITY IN THE WORLD BY AREA AND POPULATION?

The largest city in the world by population is Tokyo with over 35 million people. It was the world’s most populous urban area between 1965 and 1970. However, despite Japan’s declining population, it is still growing. The smallest city in the world by population is Hum. It has a population of only 23 people. It is a tiny town in the central part of Istria, North-West Croatia, 7 km from Roh, 14 km South-East of Buzet on a hill above the Mirna Valley The largest city in the world by area is Hulun Buir, encompassing 263,953 km. The smallest city in the world by area is Vatican City with an area of 44 hectares (108.7 acre). It is a landlocked sovereign city state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome. It is officially called State of the Vatican City.

• WILL CREATING TWO TIME ZONES FOR INDIA SAVE ENERGY?

There is no statistical evidence of two time zones being economically beneficial other than restoring a sense of normalcy to the area that follows its local meridian time zone. India geographically extends from 68 degrees East to 97 degrees East (29 degrees) from Gujarat to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, thereby encompassing two time zones. However, it has adopted the Allahabad meridian of 72 degrees, which makes it convenient for the railways, airlines and media. This leads to weird experiences for travelers from Central India who visit the North-Eastern states which receive daylight before 5 am. This entails an extra cost to the economy in terms of industrial arid office lighting spent in these regions, since daybreak here doesn’t coincide with the rest of the country. Also, there tends to be more traffic when it is dark.

• IS IT TRUE THAT CREATING TWO TIME ZONES FOR INDIA WILL SAVE ENERGY?

The Indian Standard Time is based on the meridian at 82 1/2 degrees East, which is 5 1/2 hours ahead of the Greenwich meridian. India’s geographical middle lies at 82 1/2 degrees East, which was incorrectly mentioned as 72 degrees East.

• WHAT IS SECURITISATION?

Securitisation is the process through which existing assets or future cash flows are converted into marketable securities. Those assets or cash flows are, inherently, not marketable. There are two types of securitisation — assetbacked securitisation and futureflows securitisation. Some of the assets that can be securitised are loans and future cash flows like credit card payments, car rentals or any other form of future receivables. Securitisation is common in the US and Europe, but in India it is in a nascent stage.

• WHEN AND WHERE WAS THE NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED?

Acta Diurna’ was the first news paper published in Rome, around 59 BC. In 1605, the first printed weekly newspaper to be published in Antwerp was called Relation. Johann Carolus (1575-1634) was the publisher of the Relation aller Furnemmen und gedenckwurdigen Historien (Collection of all Distinguished and Commemorable News). The ^Relation’ is recognized by the World Association of Newspapers, as well as many authors, as the world’s first newspaper. The German Relation was published in Strasbourg, which had the status of an imperial free city in the holy Roman empire of the German nation.

• WHEN WAS THE BATTLE OF LOS ANGELES?

The Battle of Los Angeles took place during the night of February 24/25, 1942 in Los Angeles, California. The battle involved heavy firing of anti-aircraft shells by the US forces aimed at several mysterious flying objects reportedly sighted in the sky over Los Angeles. These objects were thought to be Japanese military aircraft. However, even till today, their identity has not convincingly established. Even though six civilians lost their lives in the bombardment, there was no evidence that the firing destroyed any flying object. The firing was preceded by a blackout and Sounding of air raid sirens. Now, many believe that the battle was the result of a false alarm, triggered by weather balloons, or Japanese blimps. Some even think the source of the alarm could be a flying object of extraterrestrial origin.

• WHO IS LADY JUSTICE?

The origin may be Themis, a Greek mythological goddess, who advised Zeus after his purge of the old pantheon. A daughter of Themis and Zeus, Dike, known as a goddess of justice but not divine justice, presided over the apportionment of things among mortals, the protection of individuals and the social and political order. At times, Dike is said to be the same as (or is confused with) Astraea. Astraea is also a daughter of Themis and Zeus and is known as a goddess of justice. In western tradition, Lady Justice sometimes wears a blindfold and carries a sword and scales. She symbolises the fair and equal administration of the law, without corruption, avarice, prejudice, or favour.

• WHO DESIGNED THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL?

The Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. is a United States presidential memorial built to honour its 16th President Abraham Lincoln. The architect is Henry Bacon (an American Beaux-Arts architect), the sculptor is Daniel Chester French, and the painter of the murals inside is Jules Guerin. The building is in the form of a Greek Doric temple and contains a large, seated sculpture of Abraham Lincoln and inscriptions of two well-known speeches by Lincoln.

• WHICH COUNTRY HAS THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF UNIVERSITIES?

According to UNESCO, India tops the list with 8,407 universities. It’s followed by the United States  (5,759), Argentina (1,705) and Spain (1,415).

• WHO ARE HOBOS?

Hobos is an American word which refers to homeless people wandering about in search of work. In earlier days, hobos were supposed to move around by hopping from one freight train to another, just to save the cost of transportation. Hobos and hobo culture began in mid-19fh century, when the ending of the Civil War caused severe unemployment in the US and several people left their homes and started moving about the whole country in search of jobs. A similar phenomenon happened during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Although the term owes its origin to the above phenomena, it is used today to refer to a tramp in general, an aimless traveller not necessarily looking for work. There are several theories related to how the word hobo got coined: some say the word has been derived from the phrase hopping box cars, and some others that it is a shortened version of the rail-road greeting ‘Ho Beau,’ popular in the 19th century

• WHICH CONTINENT HAS THE MOST NUMBER OF PORTS?

With over 1,000 ports, Europe is perhaps the continent with most number of ports. The UK alone has over 200 ports and European ports handle about 3.5 billion tones of cargo.

• WHY IS A SANDLOT USED AS A PLAYING AREA FOR CHILDREN?

A sandlot refers to a vacant lot used by children to play games, mostly unorganised ones. Unlike a playground specifically created for certain games, sandlots perhaps developed as informal spaces which children made use of to serve as makeshift playgrounds. In the US, sandlot baseball refers to an advanced version of the game played by teams not affiliated with either the Major or Minor leagues in the country

• WHO ARE WING WALKERS?

Wing walkers are those who walk on wings of an airplane in flight. Recently, a wing walker hung from a 450 Stearman aircraft when it was in flight. This stunt was performed as part of the Flying Circus Air Show in Bealeton, Virginia.

• WHAT ARE P-NOTES?

P-Notes are financial instruments that facilitate investment in Indian securities by foreign investors or hedge funds that are not registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India. Indian brokerage houses buy the securities on behalf of these foreign investors and hedge funds and issue P-Notes to them. Any dividends or capital gains collected from the underlying securities will keep going back to the foreign investors and hedge funds. The value of P-Notes is determined on the basis of shares listed on the stock exchanges.

• WHY IS THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA REFERRED TO AS A RAINBOW NATION?

The Republic of South Africa is referred to as a Rainbow Nation to describe the unity of various cultural, racial or ethnic groups in the country during the postapartheid era (after 1994) compared to the earlier divisiveness based on skin colour. This phrase was coined by the then Archbishop of Cape Town, Desmond Tutu, and later used by Nelson Mandela, the first President of the Republic of South Africa elected in the first polls conducted after apartheid rule officially ended. In some South African cultures, the rainbow is always associated with hope and a bright future. Incidentally, the South African Hag also has six rainbow-like colours.

• WHO IS THE SECOND ASIAN AFTER RABINDRANATH TAGORE TO WIN THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR LITERATURE?

Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888-1970) of Israel shared the 1966 Nobel Prize for Literature with Nelly Leonie Sachs (1891-1970), a GermanSwedish poet. This was 53 years after Tagore won the prize in 1913. The first Asian after Tagore to win it solo was Kawabata Yasunari (1899-1972), a Japanese novelist, in 1968.

• WHICH IS THE WORLD’S FIRST POST OFFICE?

Although the origins of the postal system date back to antiquity, the British Postal Museum claims the oldest functioning post office in the world is on High Street in Sanquhar, Scotland. According to the museum, this post office has functioned continuously since 1712 AD. Sanquhar is a quiet, insignificant town, but in its heyday, its residents included many influential aristocrats, who must have played a significant role in having the first post office located there. Those days, horses and stage coaches would carry mail.

• WHAT IS A CALLIOPE?

It is a musical instrument with a loud, shrill sound that’s audible miles away It is used to attract attention at circuses and fairs. It was invented in the United States around 1850 by A S Denny and patented in 1855 by Joshua C Stoddard. It consists of a boiler which forces steam through a set of whistle pipes. Either a keyboard or a pinned cylinder (like that of a barrel organ or music box) controls the entry of steam into the pipes.

• • Calliope was one of the nine muses in Greek mythology. Her name means beautiful voiced and she was the daughter of Zeus (God of sky and thunder) and Mnemosyne (Goddess of memory). She is the muse of epic poetry and eloquence. She was the oldest and wisest of the muses as well as the most assertive. She is often represented as a stately young woman whose brow is crowned with gold, while in some legends, she is seen with a writing tablet, scroll, or book in her hand and wearing a gold crown. She is best known as the inspiration for Homer’s Miad and the Odyssey.
• WHY IS SUN TEMPLE, KONARK CALLED THE ‘BLACK PAGODA?

Today, the Sun Temple, a magnificent pagoda, is located 2 km from the sea but, in olden times, it was much closer. So, the temple was used as a navigational point by European sailors. They referred to it as the ‘Black Pagoda’ due to its dark colour and its magnetic power that drew ships into the shore and caused shipwrecks.

• WHEN WAS THE SICAB HORSE SHOW FIRST HELD?

In 1980, the first Sicab (Salon Internacional del Caballo) was organised in Seville. The following year, it took place in Madrid. Today, there are more than 200 horse shows a year dedicated exclusively to the Purebred Spanish Horse.

• WHEN WERE CHOPSTICKS FIRST USED?

Chopsticks were made over 5,000 years ago in China. The earliest version of chopsticks were plain sticks or branches from trees which were used to retrieve food from fire. The teachings of Confucius forbade followers to use knives at the dining table, which further increased the popularity of chopsticks in Eastern Asia. Today, chopsticks are no longer confined to culinary purposes. Japan has even launched a bra called ‘My Chopsticks Bra’ which is made from recycled chopsticks. This would reduce the decimation of entire forests to manufacture chopsticks.

• WHAT IS A ‘BREATHING FABRIC’?

A ‘breathing fabric’ is designed to prevent the wearer from getting too hot or cold by adjusting itself to both the internal and external temperatures. The textile is made up of a layer of thin spikes of wool, or another water-absorbent material that opens up when it’s made wet by the wearer’s sweat. When the layer dries out, the spikes automatically close up again. A second layer underneath protects the wearer from the rain.

• WHAT IS A TITANIUM TOOTHBRUSH?

Titanium toothbrushes, which were invented in Japan and now are being exported to the US, might help do away with toothpaste. One variety of the toothbrush uses titanium dioxide, which causes an electrochemical reaction while brushing and this helps remove plaque. The other type uses titanium bristles that last for several years.

• WHY IS SATURN ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURE?

In Roman mythology, Saturn is regarded as the god of agriculture. He is usually depicted holding a scythe to harvest land. Farmers in ancient Rome believed that Saturn had the power to bring a good harvest and if made angry could destroy it. In order to receive his blessings, they held a festival named Saturnalia. According to another myth, Saturn established the Golden Age in Rome. He introduced agriculture to his people by teaching them how to farm the land.

• WHAT CAUSES THE HEILIGENSCHEIN EFFECT? WHO DISCOVERED IT?

If an observer stands on dew-covered grass with his or her back turned towards the early morning sun, the observer is likely to observe a faint glow around the shadow of his or her head on the grass. Such a faint glow is called Heiligenschein, and the above optical phenomenon, the Heiligenschein effect. It occurs because the dew droplets act as tiny lenses focusing both the sunlight falling on the surface on which the shadow is cast, and the light that is back-scattered by the surface. In general, when a long shadow is cast on certain irregular surfaces with specific optical characteristics, the above effect occurs. Although Heiligenschein must have been known for a long time, it was first described in writing by the Italian sculptor and painter Benevenuto Cellini (1500-1571). Sometimes it’s called the Cellinis halo. In German, Heiligenschein means holy glow.

• WHAT ARE THE OLEFINS?

An alkene, olefin or olefine is a class of highly reactive unsaturated hydrocarbons, recovered from petroleum, with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The simplest alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups, form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n, eg. Ethylene (ethane), propylene (propene), butylenes (butene) and so on. The olefins are widely used for making synthetic fibres.

• WHO BROKE THE SOUND BARRIER?

Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier on October 14,1947. He flew a plane faster than the velocity of the sun and broke the sound barrier which caused explosive vibrations over the atmosphere.

• WHAT IS THE MONTY HALL PROBLEM?

The Monty Hall problem talks about a situation where there are three closed doors —a goat lies behind two and a car behind the third. A person is asked to select a door (which is not opened immediately). Instead, one of the two unchosen doors are opened and the content is revealed, which incidentally turns out to be a goat. The person is now asked whether he would like to switch his choice to the other unopened door. This gets him thinking. Will changing his choice increase the possibility of winning the car? Common knowledge lets us assume that since now there are two closed doors (one with a goat and the other with a car), chances of winning a car if either of the doors are chosen is 1/2. Hence, it really isn’t a winning situation to motivate a person to change the choice. However, what one needs to remember is the fact that when the person initially made the choice, all three doors were closed and the probability of having a goat behind a closed -toor was 2/3. Now that we already know of ie door that has a goat behind it, chances f winning the door with the car if the peron decides to change his initial choice is /3, which is higher than what he would am if he refuses to change his decision.

• WHO INVENTED THE HELICOPTER?

French inventor Launoy and Bienvenue created a toy with rotary wings which could take off vertically and fly The term helicopter was later coined by French writer Ponton D’Amecot: helico for spiral and pter for wing. It was only in 1907 that the first helicopter was piloted by PaulCornu, who also created the model. The 100th anniversary of the helicopter’s first flight was celebrated on November 13,2007.

• WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE LAUGHING BUDDHA?

Hotel or Pu-Tai is better known as the Laughing Buddha. The image of Hotel is based on a Chinese Zen monk who lived over 1000 years ago. Many regarded him a future Buddha because of his benevolent nature. It was due to his large protruding stomach and smile that he came to be known as the Laughing Buddha; His image graces many temples, restaurants and homes in China and Japan. Legend has it that if one rubs the Laughing Buddha’s great belly, it brings wealth, good luck and prosperity

• WHAT ARE BLUELAWS AND WHY THEY ARE CALLED SO?

A bluelaw is enacted by the people of the Dominion of New Haven. These laws in the United States and Canada are designed to enforce moral standards, particularly the observance of Sunday as a day of worship or rest. They came to be known as bluelaws because they were supposedly printed on blue paper. Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence to support this assertion.

• WHO IS CREDITED WITH HAVING THE HIGHEST IQ?

Marilyn vos Savant is an American magazine columnist, author, lecturer and playwright who rose to fame through her listing in the Guinness Book of World Records under the Highest IQ category, with a score of 228. She wrote for acolumn called Ask Marilyn in a magazine in which she answers questions from readers on a variety of subjects.

• WHICH IS THE WORLD’S FIRST COURIER SERVICE?

Overseas Courier Service, the world’s first courier service providing firm, was established in 1957 by a consortium of major newspaper publishers in Tokyo as a global, overnight delivery system for time-sensitive business publications. It was the first such private international network, dedicated entirely to overseas air-speed shipping.

• WHY IS LAS VEGAS CALLED SO?

Las Vegas was named by Spaniards in the Antonio Armijo Party, who used the water in the area while heading along the Old Spanish Trail from Texas. In the 1800s, areas of the Las Vegas Valley contained artesian wells that supported extensive green areas or meadows (vegas in Spanish) and hence the name Las Vegas.

• WHO INVENTED THE CLOCK?

The earliest way of telling the time was by looking at the progress of the shadow cast by a twig stuck up-right in the ground. Round about 1300 BC, this was developed by the inhabitants of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia into the sundial. The sundial served for a thousand years until the invention of the clepsydra, or water clock. This was the first clock with moving parts. The mechanical clock was not invented until the 13th century and it was driven by weights. The spring-driven clock was invented sometime around 1450 AD.

• WHO INVENTED THE CLOCK?

The primitive type of clock was invented by Henry de Wick in 1368. He installed it on the tower of the castle of the king of France. Using the technique of a pendulum, the clock was developed by French engineer Hyudhence in 1639. Electricity was deployed in the clock by Alexander Ben around 1840-50.

• WHO ARE ‘THE LITTLE EMPERORS’?

They refer to obese little boys in China without any siblings. They are heavily doted on by their parents and grandparents, who feed them calorie-laden candies and fast food. As a result, obesity has become a problem amongst Chinese teenagers. It’s also seen as a fallout of the strict population policy of China which restricts couples from having more than one child, because of which parents and relatives tend to spoil their children with fatty foods.

• WHAT WERE GULAG CAMPS?

The Gulag, a system of forced labour camps in the former USSR, was first established in 1919 under the Cheka, its secret police. Prisoners included murderers, thieves, and other common criminals along with political and religious dissenters. The Gulag, whose camps were located mainly in remote regions of Siberia and the far North of USSR made significant contributions to the Soviet economy in the period of Joseph Stalin. Conditions in the camps were extremely harsh. After Stalin died in 1953, the Gulag population was reduced significantly, and condition of inmates somewhat improved.

• WHO IS CHE GUEVARA?

Ernesto Che Guevara was a Cuban revolutionary leader. Though communism may have lost its fire, he remains the symbol of rebellion and the alluring zeal of revolution. By the time Ernesto Guevara, known to us as Che, was murdered in the jungles of Bolivia in October 1967, he was already a legend, not only in Latin America but also around the world. His fearless last words, reportedly, were “Shoot, coward, you’re only going to kill a man”.

• WHO IS CHE GUEVARA?

Though a comrade of Fidel Castro in the Cuban revolution, Ernesto Che Guevara was actually from Argentina, not Cuba. His nickname ‘Che’ (loosely translates as ‘yaar’ in India) is an Argentinian slang.

• WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF JAZZ MUSIC?

Jazz originated among the Black people in New Orleans in the late 19th century and is characterized by syncopated rhythms and improvisation. It has since developed various styles. Jazz originally drew on Ragtime, Gospel, Black spiritual songs, West African rhythms, and European harmonies. The term jazz originated in southern United States (it is first recorded in 1909, applied to a type of ragtime dance), and it is tempting to speculate that its ancestor crossed the Atlantic on the slave ships from Africa. In the absence of any certain origin, various colourful alternative theories have been put forward, for instance, the name jazz came from the nickname of a certain Jasbo Brown, an itinerant musician along the banks of the Mississippi.

• WHAT IS AGENT ORANGE?

Agent Orange is a defoliant herbicide mixture used during the Vietnam War to destroy forests in Vietnam. The United States sprayed 20 million gallons of Agent Orange over forests in Vietnam, and as a result, members of the armed forces were exposed to it. Agent Orange, named as such due to the orange colour of its storage drums, is a 50:50 mixture of the butyl esters of 2, 4-D and 2,4,5-T. It is probable that damage to humans would be due to the highly toxic impurity dioxin present in Agent Orange.

• HOW OLD IS THE JERUSALEM OLD CITY?

Jerusalem is one of the oldest cities of the world, having a history that begins in the fourth millennium BC. There was a mention of the city even in the Egyptian texts that belonged to 20th century BC. David was the first Jewish king to conquer the city of Jerusalem in 1007 BC and adopt it as his capital. Over the next several centuries, the city has been conquered and ruled by several different groups of people and countries, and has become a holy city for Jews, Muslims and Christians. Today, it is under the control of Israel and happens to be Israel’s largest city. What has been the city of Jerusalem until 1860s, is the 0.9 square kilometre walled portion inside the modern city of Jerusalem. The walled portion is called the old city today. The old city is divided into four quarters, Armenian, Muslim, Christian, and Jewish, and houses many important shrines.

• WHO IS KNOWN AS A MATHLETE?

Just as athletes participate in athletic events, matheletes are those who compete in mathematics competitions. The word is a trademark of MathCount Foundation. Recently, a French mathlete named Alexis Lemaire calculated the 13th root of a 200-digit number in just over 70 seconds. By doing so, he beat his own previous record of 72.4 seconds at an event in London’s Science Museum.

• WHAT IS A MOM-AND-POP SHOP?

A mom-and-pop shop is a colloquial expression for a single-family operated business with few or no employees other than the owners. Sometimes, fewer than ten employees work in these small or micro businesses. People who speak of mom-and-pop businesses often refer to the unique perspective offered by patronizing a family business. Some encourage the unknown experience of entering a mom-and-pop establishment over franchise businesses, which typically offer comparable stores and similar consumer experiences, regardless of location. For example, mom-and-pop businesses are often highlighted in travel guides, because going to a business owned and operated by a family allows a traveller to fully experience and understand the people of another culture.

• WHO INVENTED CHEWING GUM?

Thomas Adams, a rubber scientist, invented chewing gum. He was working with a substance called chicle, a gum prepared from the latex of the saphodila tree, a tropical evergreen plant. By chance, he popped a small piece of chicle into his mouth and chewed it casually to while away time. Suddenly, it occurred to him that others may derive pleasure from chewing chicle, which is, even today, a chief ingredient in chewing gum.

• WHICH IS THE LONGEST ACRONYM IN USE?

Adcomsubordcomphibspac is the longest English acronym. It’s a navy term which stands for Administrative Command, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet Subordinate Command.

• WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A FRESCO AND A MURAL?

A mural is any large painting on a wall, ceiling or any other large structure. There are many techniques used to make them. A fresco, executed using water-soluble paints on wet or dry limestone, is one of the techniques and probably the most popular. A primary characteristic of a fresco is that the paintings, though often done in parts, are generally related by a common thread. For example, the frescoes on the walls and ceilings of Ajanta caves in India (6th century) depict the Jataka tales — stories from Buddha’s life.

• WHAT DOES THE WORD ‘WOOT’ MEAN?

If lay persons say ‘yay’, then hardcore gamers would say ‘wOOt’. This phrase, an expression of joy by on-line gamers, has been selected as the word of the year by the US dictionary publisher Merriam Webster.

• WHAT IS THE NYQUIST RATE?

In data communication, the sampling theorem states that a continuous signal can be completely represented in its sampled form and recovered from the sampled form if the sampling frequency f is equal to 2W, where W is the maximum frequency of that continuous signal. This minimum sampling rate of 2W samples per second for a signal having maximum frequency of W is called the Nyquist Rate.

• WHAT IS THE PHOBIA OF ALIENS CALLED?

Fear or dislike of foreigners or aliens is called xenophobia. The word xenophobia is a combination of two Greek words — xenos (foreigners) and phobos (fear). When a majority of people in a country suffer from xenophobia, the phobia can lead to mass expulsion of people of foreign origin, or banning of certain foreign cultural elements. Xenophobia is different from racism, although often both words are used interchangeably Racism implies a hatred of people of other races, irrespective of whether they belong to one’s own country, whereas xenophobia implies hatred of people of other countries or regions. In science fiction, xenophobia refers to fear of extraterrestrial beings. Scientists explain xenophobia as a defence mechanism evolved in humans in response to the need to win in inter-group competition in society and Nature.

• WHAT IS THE GUDERMANNIAN FUNCTION?

The Gudermannian function, named after Christoph Gudermann (1798 -1852), relates to the circular and hyperbolic trigonometric functions without using complex numbers.

• HOW IS A BARGE DIFFERENT FROM A REGULAR BOAT?

The word originally referred to any small boat; the modern meaning arose around 1480. A barge is a flatbottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats or towboats. Barges on canals contended with the railways in the early industrial revolution but were outclassed when it came to carrying high-value items due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of rail transport. A boat is a watercraft designed to float on, and provide transport over water.

• WHAT’S THE GREEN GOLD PROJECT?

The Green Gold or Oro Verde project seeks to ensure the safety of miners and also protect them from exploitation. A jewellery shop in Chichester, England along with miners in a cooperative in Choco in North-East Colombia and the Fair Trade Foundation embarked on this project which promotes the purchase of green gold or jewellery which isn’t created by putting labourers through hardships.

• WHAT IS THE ANTARCTICA TREATY?

The Antarctica Treaty, signed in 1959, was a path-breaking agreement among countries of the world. There are certain regions located beyond the sovereign jurisdiction of any country of the world. Therefore, they require common governance by the international community These are known as ‘res communis humanitatis’ or Global Commons. It includes not only Antarctica but also the ocean floor and outer space. According to the treaty, Antarctica’s environment and ecosystem will be protected. Since 1959, activities in the area have been limited to scientific research and development, fishing and tourism. Even these limited activities have not prevented this region from being degraded by waste, for example, oil spills. The expansion of the treaty was Antarctic Environmental Protocol of 1991.

• WHAT IS A PAGODA?

A pagoda, in South-east Asia, is a cone-shaped monumental structure built in memory of the Buddha. But in the Far East, a pagoda is a tower-like, multi-storeyed structure of stone, brick, or wood, usually associated with a Buddhist temple complex. The pagoda is derived from the stupa of ancient India, which was a dome-shaped commemorative monument, usually erected over the remains or relics of a holy man or king.

• WHY DOES FEBRUARY HAVE 28 DAYS, AND JULY AND AUGUST, 31 DAYS?

According to a popular legend, July was named after Julius Caesar and hence it had 31 days. Later, when Augustus Caesar took over the Roman Empire, he wanted August, the month named after him, to have 31 days as well. Hence, the two extra days were taken from February, which was then left with 28 days. However, some historians d.on’t agree with this reasoning. They believe February always had 28 days ever since the time of King Numa Pompilius. He decided that a year would have 355 days, the length of 12 lunar cycles. Back then, even numbers were considered unlucky So, he created seven months with 29 days, and four with 31. Since he now needed one short even-numbered month, he chose February, as it was considered the least favourite month for it arrived during the middle of winter. And hence, it was given only 28 days.

• WHAT IS RICE WINE?

Rice wine is made from fermenting freshly steamed glutinous rice. Most rice wines are low in alcohol content, light in colour, noncarbonated and have a sweet flavour. Rice wine is categorized according to the degree to which rice is polished. It does not usually improve with age and should be preferably consumed within one year of bottling.

• WHY WAS THE NEW AMSTERDAM COLONY ESTABLISHED?

New Amsterdam was established by Dutch colonisers in 1624 in what is known today as New York city The town of New Amsterdam became a city in 1653 when it received municipal rights and was reincorporated as New York city in June 1665. The town was founded on the southern tip of Manhattan island as the most optimal place for permanent settlement by the Dutch West India Company and was strategically located on the south of the Hudson river. The location was best suited to defend the integrity of the New Netherlands province and was entrusted to safeguard the West India Company’s exclusive access to New Netherlands’ other two estuaries — the Delaware river and Connecticut river.

• WHICH WAS THE FIRST WAR FOUGHT IN THE HISTORY OF MANKIND?

If we define war as a large-scale violent conflict between two states employing the military, the earliest recorded wars might have taken place between various city states in the Mesopotamian region during the period 3,000-2,300 BC in the Bronze Age. The first recorded evidence of such a war was the one between the two city states Lagash and Umma, estimated to have taken place in 2525 BC. From the stone slabs bearing inscriptions related to the war, it could be inferred that the war employed professional soldiers wearing helmets who moved on chariots. The weapons employed were maces and swords.

• WHERE DOES SANTA CLAUS LIVE?

The original Santa Claus lived nowhere near the North Pole. If the 4th century bishop known as Saint Nicholas of Myra — the inspiration for Santa Claus — existed at all, he lived in Lycia, a province of the Byzantine Anatolia, now in Turkey Santa Claus is a corruption of the Dutch name Sinte Klaas for St Nicholas, the patron saint of children and unmarried girls. Tradition says he gave bags of gold to three daughters from a noble, but poor family as their dowries, thus saving them from a life of prostitution. As the legends developed in the Netherlands, the three bags of gold were replaced by a bulging sack of presents which Santa Claus distributed to children on December 6, St Nicholas’ feast day Later, this custom caught on to other parts of the world, to give gifts to good people and punish the bad.

• WHAT IS THE SEEHECK EFFECT?

The principle of the thermocouple was first described by Seebeck in 1821. Seebeck discovered that when wires of two dissimilar metals were joined together to form a circuit of at least two junctions, a current would flow when the junctions were at different temperatures. This phenomenon, called the Seebeck Effect, is the basis upon which thermocouples are designed.

• WHAT IS FOUR-DIMENSIONAL CINEMA?

What we normally see today in theatres are two-dimensional movies with multi-channel sound. In three-dimensional movies, viewers are required to wear special glasses which create 3-D images of objects in the movie. Chhota Chetan and Shiva Ka Insaaf were such movies released two decades ago. Fourth dimension in a movie creates an overall different experience. In addition to the effects of 3-D features, viewers can experience the movies through other senses like sight, sound, odour, touch and also have personal remote control. Viewers are seated in special seats which have bass shockers and other special fittings which make them a part of the complete 4-D experience.

• WHAT IS BOW SHOCK?

In aerodynamics, bow shock is a normal shock that occurs in front of an object within a supersonic flow. Unlike an oblique shock, the bow shock is not attached to the tip, off the object in the flow. Oblique shock angles are limited in formation based on the corner angle and upstream Mach number. When these limitations are exceeded, a bow shock occurs instead of an oblique shock. Therefore, bow shocks are often seen forming around blunt objects. In astrophysics, bow shock is a boundary between a magnetosphere and an ambient medium. For stars, this is typically the boundary between their stellar wind and the interstellar medium. In a planetary magnetosphere, the bow shock is the boundary at which the solar wind abruptly drops because of its approach to the magnetopause.

• WHAT IS ASSUMPTION DAY?

Assumption Day is, according to the Roman Catholic church, the day on which the Blessed Virgin Mary was, along with her body and soul, accepted (or ‘assumed’) in heaven. It is usually celebrated on August 15 by Roman Catholics. In some parts of the world, Assumption Day is a public holiday; in some parts it is a day of solemnity and prayers, whereas in some other parts, it is a day of feasting and festivities. Although in the early days of Christianity some held that it was not certain how the Virgin Mary’s life ended, from the 5th century AD onwards, Christians believed that the Virgin Mary did not actually suffer a physical death and that she passed into heaven with her physical body and soul on Assumption Day The above day was officially recognised through a Dogma by the Church only in 1950. The Assumption has also been a subject of Christian art for several centuries.

• WHAT IS HEIRLOOM GARDENING?

An heirloom plant, heirloom variety, or (especially in the UK) heirloom vegetable is an open-pollinated cultivar that was commonly grown during earlier periods in human history, but not used in modern large-scale agriculture. Since most popular heirloom plants are vegetables, the term heirloom vegetable is often used instead. The trend of growing heirloom plants in gardens has been growing in popularity in the United States and Europe over the last decade. This is called heirloom gardening. Some examples are heirloom tomato, forbidden rice and Bhutanese red rice.

• WHAT IS DIES IRAE?

Dies Irae literally means day of wrath. The mediaeval Christians were preoccupied with the end of the world; they anticipated the Last Judgement, followed by the millennium. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the West there was a revival of the belief in the end of time. The year 1000 likewise excited mythological speculation, as did famines, plagues, and earthquakes. Most influential were the views of the visionary Joachim of Fiore. He divided history into several ages and said that 1260 would be the fulfilment of the Age of the Spirit, which had begun with St Benedict. At that time, mankind could expect a new revelation, the coming of the anti-Christ, and the last days of wrath. This myth, written down at the behest of the Papacy, exerted a potent influence on mediaeval thought, and in its vision of a future world where the Holy Roman Empire and the Church of Rome would give place to a free community of perfected beings who have no need of clergy or sacraments or scripture, it anticipated modern millennial theories.

• HOW MANY COUNTRIES DOES THE DNIEPER FLOW THROUGH?

Russia, Belarus and Ukraine are the three countries through which Europe’s third-longest river flows. It originates in the south-west of Moscow and flows through Smolensk (Russia), Mogilev (Belarus), Kiev (capital of Ukraine), Dnepropetrovsk and Kherson (Ukraine) and empties into the Black Sea.

• WHAT IS ANTHROPOCENE EPOCH?

The current geological epoch we live in is called Holocene, which began around 9600 BC. However, considering the way humans have altered the course of the Earth scientists suggest that the epoch be renamed anthropocene. Nobel-prize winning chemist Paul Crutzen coined this term in a casual remark in 2002, while talking about how the Earth was entering a new epoch due to increasing human population and economic activity However, other scientists want this word to refer to the human impact upon the planet.

• WHAT IS ANTI-DUMPING DUTY?

If any company exports a product at a price lower than what it normally charges in its home market, then it is dumping the product. Opinions differ as to whether or not this is unfair competition, but many countries take action against dumping by imposing anti-dumping duty Thus, anti-dumping duty is an extra import duty on a particular product from a particular country in order to bring its prices closer to the normal value of that product in the country it is imported to. It is done to protect its own industry from predatory pricing. The World Trade Organisation does not prohibit antidumping policies and allows any country to take anti-dumping action against the countries which violate the principles of General Agreement on Trade and Tariff.

• WHAT IS A CASCADE EFFECT?

An unforseen chain of events due to an act affecting a system, much like how a waterfall cascades down, is called cascade effect. Cascade effects are commonly visualised in tree structures called event trees.

• WHAT IS LAPIS LAZULI?

Lapis Lazuli is an intense blue semiprecious stone. It has been mined for 6,500 years in Badakhshan, Afghanistan. It has lazurite as the main component. It’s used in jewellery, mosaics, architecture and as a pigment called ultramarine in tempera paintings. It was used by Assyrians and Babylonians for seals, as an eyeshadow by Cleopatra and Romans believed it to be an aphrodisiac. It was thought to keep limbs healthy and free the soul from error, envy and fear.

• WHAT ARE MAGIC BULLETS IN PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS?

In pharmaceutical terms, magic bullets are those drugs which attack the affected organ/cells and not the healthy ones. For example, the medicine for blood cancer I — called Glivec — is known to be a magic bullet as it attacks only those cells which are affected by the disease and not the healthy or surrounding cells.

• WHAT IS THE ‘ART OF MOVING’?

‘The art of moving’ or Parkour involves moving from one point to another as quickly and efficiently as possible. It entails overcoming obstacles using the power of the human body and is practised in several urban areas the world over. Recently, members of the Du Yize Parkour Club of Beijing showed their prowess at the Forbidden City

• WHAT ARE POLAR COORDINATES?

It is a system of coordinates in Geometry whereby the position of a point, say P, in a plane can be determined with reference to a fixed point called origin, denoted by 0, and a predetermined direction represented by a ray OA. The measure of length OP, denoted by r, and the measure of the angle that OP makes with OA, generally denoted by a Greek letter theta, are called polar coordinates of P and, P is called the graph of r and theta. One pair of values of r and theta corresponds to only one point in the plane and one point in the plane corresponds to only one pair of the values of r and theta.

• WHAT ARE SLATS?

These are thin narrow flat strips made of wood or metal, which are used as an auxiliary air foil at the leading edge of the wing of an aeroplane.

• WHEN AND WHERE DID JALLIKATTU ORIGINATE?

Jallikattu, which is bull-baiting or bull fighting, is an ancient Tamilian tradition. There are several rock paintings, more than 3,500 years old, at remote Karikkiyur village in the Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu that show men chasing bulls. Another single painting discovered in a cave at Kalluthu Mettupatti, about 35 km west of Madurai, between Madurai and Dindigul, shows a lone man trying to control a bull, Researchers estimate that this painting, done in white kaolin, is about 1,500 years old.

• WHAT’S THE ORIGIN OF THE TERM ‘TOP DOG’?

‘Top dog’ means one who is dominant or victorious. When wooden planks were sawn by hand, two men did the job using a two-handed saw. The senior man took the top handle, standing on the wood, and the junior took the bottom, in the saw-pit below. The irons that were used to hold the wood were called dogs and that the bottom position was much more uncomfortable. The term ‘top dog’ originated from this practice.

• WHICH IS THE FIRST ART GALLERY?

The term art gallery refers to two different kinds of places: 1. A place which exhibits items of art (an art museum), and 2. A place which sells art items. The oldest art museum is supposed to be housed in the Cosquer Caves, the under-water caves, near Marseilles. The caves consist of finger tracings, impressions of painted hands, and painted and engraved figures of animals. The oldest works in these caves were estimated to have been created 29,000 years ago. Art galleries that exhibit and sell works of art on a large scale have been in existence since the 17th century AD. Most of the oldest art auction houses that exist today in Europe have been founded in the first half of the 18th century Viennabased auction house Dorothium, which claims to be the oldest art auction house of the world, was founded in 1707, and Sothebys, the oldest and largest art auction house of England, was founded in 1744.

• WHAT ARE TEXTONYMS?

They refer to the new language developed by cellphone-addicted teenagers, based on predictive text on their handsets. They are also known as adaptonyms or cellodromes. Using predictive text, the first alternative to certain keywords are used in textonyms.

• WHAT ARE BANKURA HORSES?

The vibrant tradition of folk art in West Bengal’s Bankura district includes a variety of clay handicrafts. The district’s most famous product is the Bankura Horse, a very stylised figure with a long neck and elongated ears, in warm terracotta colours. Artisans have used the same techniques of hollow clay moulding and firing for generations. Sizes vary from minute, palm-sized to gigantic creations over 1 metre high. The horses are votive figures and are usually kept or placed in front of local deities.

• WHO WAS THE FIRST INDIAN TO BE KNIGHTED?

Queen Victoria founded The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India in 1861, which was an order of chivalry, meant to be given to viceroys of India, nawabs and princes for their meritorious service and loyalty to the British empire. The people admitted to this order were called knights. In the year of its founding, Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal was made the Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India (GCSI). La

Mr. Ashok Sharma
http://www.articlesbase.com/interviews-articles/general-knowledge-pt-vi-955585.html

Social Work and the Law

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Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight,

488 U.S. 1301 (1988)

A three month old infant was admitted for treatment in a hospital. It became apparent that the mother, Jackie Bouknight may have maltreated the infant. Consequently, the Department of Social Services (DSS) petitioned the Court to declare the child as a “child in need of assistance” and grant it the power to put the child under foster care (Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight, 488 U.S. 1301 (1988). The Court granted relief and it was agreed upon by the parties that Bouknight shall have the custody of the child subject to the conditions of supervised parenting and an undertaking of non-infliction of bodily harm and punishment on the child. At first, Bouknight complied with the conditions but later on she became uncooperative and refused to produce her son to the DSS.

The DSS in fear for the safety and well being of the child filed a case before the Court to compel Bouknight to produce her son. She failed to appear before the Court but was later on arrested. On her refusal to disclose the whereabouts of her son, she was found guilty of contempt and was ordered to be incarcerated until compliance with the order [In re Maurice, No. 50 (Dec. 19, 1988). 314 Md. 391, 550 A.2d 1135].

On certiorari, the Court of Appeals of Maryland ruled that the incarceration of Bouknight was an infringement of her Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination. According to the Court, the production of the son is testimonial in nature because by doing so, it only proves Bouknight’s “continuing control” over her son which may be utilized in a criminal proceeding. It ruled that there are acts of production deemed to have testimonial value citing the case of U.S. vs. Doe (Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight, 488 U.S. 1301 (1988).

The U.S. Supreme Court granted the stay of DSS pending the filing of the requisite petition for certiorari. The grant of stay was based on the fact that even assuming that the act of production of the child is testimonial in character, many line of decisions of the Court are clear that as between the public need vis-à-vis a single claim of an individual on constitutional privilege, the former is upheld. In this particular case, the safety and interests of the abused child must be upheld over Bouknight’s assertion considering that, in the hierarchy of values, the safety and welfare of the child takes precedence over other concerns (Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight, 488 U.S. 1301 (1988). Moreover, the information sought which is the whereabouts of the child is for the contempt charge and therefore civil in nature (Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight, 488 U.S. 1301 (1988).

The Fifth Amendment: Right against Self-Incrimination

The Fifth Amendment originated from England and derived from the Latin maxim “nemo tenetur seipsum accusare” meaning “no man is bound to accuse himself” (Levy, 1968). It was used in both the accusatorial and inquisitorial legal systems of England (Levy, 1968).

In the U.S., after the revolution the states ratified the Constitution with the inclusion of the privilege in the bill of rights. The original version of Madison was amended by the House to include “in any criminal case” (Schwartz, 1971). Thus, as it now stands, the Fifth Amendment provides, “. . . nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself . . .” (U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights). The primary purpose of its inclusion in the Bill of Rights is “to protect the innocent and to further the search for truth” [Ullmann v. United States, 350 U.S. 422 (1956)]. However, in subsequent line of decisions, the Court ruled that other privileges stated in the bill of Rights are more in the nature of adjuncts to the determination of truth such as the right to counsel or the safeguards afforded by the Fourth Amendment while the privilege against self-incrimination is primarily for “the preservation of the accusatorial system of criminal justice” [Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 460 (1966); Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 760–765 (1966); California v. Byers, 402 U.S. 424, 448–58 (1971)]. This maintains the integrity of the judicial system and protects the privacy of the individuals from government intrusion [Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 460 (1966); Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 760–765 (1966); California v. Byers, 402 U.S. 424, 448–58 (1971)]. The privilege is a guarantee against compulsion for testimonial evidence which consequently will result in the imposition of criminal penalty on such person making testimony.

The Court laid down the requirements necessary before a party can successfully invoke the protection of the privilege against self-incrimination. In the cases of U.S. v. Doe, (465 U.S. 605) and Doe v. U.S. [487 U.S. 201, 209 (1988)], the Court enumerated the three (3) requisites that should be present for the Fifth Amendment to apply, namely: a) “that the statement be testimonial; b) incriminating; and, c) compelled.” According to the court, ‘testimonial’ refers to all communications whether express or implied which “relate to a factual assertion or disclose information” (Ashby, J., 2006 citing Doe v. U.S., 487 U.S. 201). The statements or communications made whether verbally or in writing fall within the privilege (Ashby, J., 2006) and is not limited by the forum where it was elicited, i.e. before the court, administrative proceedings or before the law enforcement office [Lefkowitz v. Turley, 414 U.S. 70 (1973)]. The second requirement, ‘incriminating’ refers to statements that can be used as a basis for a finding of criminal liability under a penal law or “provides a link to the chain of evidence for prosecution under a criminal statute” [United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27 (2000)]. The third requisite is the compulsion to give a statement. The Court explained that this requisite refers to “circumstances that deny the individual a free choice to admit, to deny, or to refuse to answer” (Ashby, J., 2006). Additionally, the Court ruled in the case of Fisher v. United States that these three requisites should all concur and be present so that the privilege can be successfully invoked [425 U.S. 391(1976)].

Legal and Ethical Issues and their Impact on Social Work Practice

The main legal issue in the case of Baltimore is whether the circumstances surrounding it would fall within the ambit of the privilege against self incrimination and consequently, Bouknight may successfully invoke it and prevent her from being compelled to produce or furnish the whereabouts of her son lest be incarcerated for contempt.

The Supreme Court allowed the stay of the decision of the appellate court for overturning the ruling of the juvenile court and in finding that the compulsion for Bouknight to produce her son squarely fell within the privilege and therefore ordered her release (Alderman and Kennedy, 1992). The appellate court found that the act of production is testimonial and therefore its compulsion, is a violation of the privilege. Furthermore, the interest of the government in the safety of the son cannot outweigh the observance and respect for the privilege against self incrimination as provided in the Bill of Rights (Alderman and Kennedy, 1992). In other words, the three requisites concurred, i.e. the act of production or of furnishing information as to the whereabouts of her son are incriminating and testimonial in character; and, there was also compulsion because if she failed to disclose information sought she would be incarcerated for contempt as what had happened.

The Supreme Court through Chief Justice Rehnquist predicated his discussion on three major points, namely: a) The Court of Appeals passed upon a controversy concerning the federal Constitution which logically can be properly resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court (California v. Riegler, 449 U.S. 1319); b) The act of production does not fall within the ambit of the privilege citing the cases of U.S. v. Doe, Fisher v. U.S. and Schmerber v. California. In these cases, the court ruled that the act of production of the documents is not ‘testimonial’ and therefore does not infringe upon the privilege considering that their existence and location are already known to the Government. In fact, responding to a subpoena have been considered legal and acceptable even if compulsion is present [Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976)]. Moreover, when an accused is required to furnish his handwriting sample, this had been held not to violate the privilege because it is not ‘testimonial’  but merely evidentiary United States v. Flanagan, 34 F.3d 949 [10th Cir. 1994]). The third point c) is by using the balancing of interests test or balancing the public need vis-à-vis ensuring the individual’s constitutional civil liberties, public need prevailed considering that the disclosure of information was non-criminal and not directed at a particular group as was held in the case of California v. Byers, 402 U.S. 424 (1971) where the validity of a law requiring disclosure of the name and address at the scene of a vehicular accident. Similarly in the case of New York v. Quarles where the Fifth Amendment rights have to give way to a public safety exception and therefore in the case of Bouknight, “the public safety exception to the Fifth Amendment was justified because its interest was in protecting children like Maurice, not in prosecuting” (Alderman and Kennedy, 1992).

In sum, the privilege against self-incrimination is not an absolute right. Albeit the civil liberties accorded under the Bill of Rights safeguards undue government intervention and restraint to its power, there are instances when these rights would have to give way to compelling interests of the society that would warrant Government intervention and intrusion such in the case of protecting and ensuring the safety of infants or children from physical abuse. Once it has been established that a child is abused, it becomes the duty of the State to take over and protect.

The judicial pronouncement in the case of Bouknight has a pervading and far reaching implication on social work practice. This gives the social workers a great burden and responsibility to follow up sharply abused children in foster care or those released under an order of protective supervision. Admittedly, there is an apparent lack of strict protocols in the present system of child welfare agencies (Parks, 2005). A set of guidelines must be crafted to govern exigencies of missing children from foster care like supervised visits and court orders in cases of abduction like what have occurred in Maryland with “Ariel” who had been abducted by his mother Teresa B (Parks, 2005). Guidelines should also be drawn to address the coordinated efforts both with the law enforcement and child welfare personnel.

Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California,

17 Cal.3d 425

A graduate student from India, Prosenjit Poddar went to the University of California Berkeley to study naval architecture. It was there that he met Tatiana Tarasoff. A few kisses made him believe that they have a special relationship until Tarasoff bragged about her many relationships with other men. Poddar suffered depression until he sought professional help from Dr. Moore, a psychologist of the University Health Service. He confided to the doctor that he intended to secure a gun and to kill Tarasoff. On the strength of a letter request of Dr. Moore, Poddar was taken by the campus police, however upon assurance that Poddar was reasonable he was released. Upon the return of the University Health psychiatrist from his vacation, he ordered the destruction of Dr. Moore’s letter and did not recommend any further action on Poddar’s case.

When Tarasoff returned from her vacation, she was stabbed and killed by Poddar who at that time moved in with her brother already. The parents of Tarasoff sued the Regents of the University, its health personnel namely, Gold, Moore, Powelson, Yandell and the campus police namely, Atkinson, Beall, Brownrigg, Hallernan, and Teel  for “failing to warn their daughter of an impending danger” (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425). At the lower court, the complaint was dismissed because there was no cause of action. According to the lower court, the defendants only had the duty to the patient and not to a third party.

The dismissal was appealed to the Appeals Court but which only sustained the dismissal. Thus, it was elevated to the Supreme Court of California. The appealed decision in so far as the university police officers, Atkinson, Beall, Brownrigg, Hallernan, and Teel finding them not liable to the plaintiffs was affirmed. However, in so far as the therapists and the Regents of the university, the appealed decision was overturned for reception of evidence in accordance with the pronouncements of the Supreme Court (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425).

In fine, the complainants averred four (4) causes of action, namely: a) “Failure to detain a dangerous patient; b) failure to warn on a dangerous patient; c) abandonment of a dangerous patient; and, d) breach of primary duty to patient and the public” (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425).

Anent the first and fourth causes of action, the Supreme Court ruled that the defendants cannot be held liable because of a specific provision of the Government Code or Section 856 thereof which grants immunity to public employees from any resultant damage or injury from deciding whether or not to confine a person with mental ailment. This provision is also applicable to the therapists because the law also refers to those who are capable of recommending confinement. As regards the third cause of action, the government immunity includes the “award of exemplary damages resulting from a wrongful death” and therefore, defendants cannot be held liable (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425).

Anent the second cause of action, the Supreme Court found defendants therapists and Regents of the University to have failed to comply with their duty to warn Tarasoff of the peril to her life. Albeit, the therapists had no direct relations with Tarasoff, they could have reasonably foreseen the danger and threat to her life as confided by their patient, Poddar. This is the point where the law establishes the duty of care on their part to warn Tarasoff. Their failure to warn her may reasonably concluded as a proximate cause of her death. The duty of confidentiality between patient and psychotherapist and the right to privacy of the patient cannot prevail over public interest or public safety. Moreover, there are clear provisions of laws, i.e. Section 1024 of the Evidence Code and Section 9 of the Principles of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association which allows the physician to divulge matters confided to him in confidence when it is necessary for public welfare (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425).

Confidentiality

The effective therapeutic relationship between physician/psychiatrist and patient rests largely on trust that matters confided by the patient during the treatment are kept in strictest confidence by the physician/psychiatrist.  It is the ethical duty of the physician to observe privacy and confidentiality of his patients (Corbin, 2007). While it is also of public interest to ensure that treatment of those who are mentally ill by maintaining an atmosphere whereby they can have an open dialogue with their therapist and of safeguarding its confidential character; the same public interest calls for an imperative recognition of instances whereby disclosure of the confidential communications be revealed and be made to safeguard public safety and avert the threatened peril. In the instances, where the public safety is at risk, the therapist must disclose confidential information discreetly with due regard to protecting the privacy of his patient (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425).

The parameters of confidentiality are defined by law and by the ethical code of conduct for practitioners in the territorial jurisdiction. In the case of Tarasoff, the Evidence Code and the Principles of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association provided specific and limited exceptions under which the confidentiality privilege can be breached, i.e. “if the psychotherapist has reasonable cause to believe that the patient is in such mental or emotional condition as to be dangerous to himself or to the person or property of another and that disclosure of the communication is necessary to prevent the threatened danger; unless he is required to do so by law or unless it becomes necessary in order to protect the welfare of the individual or of the community” (Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425).

It would be wise for the practitioners to familiarize themselves of the limits of confidentiality as provided under the laws considering that it may differ from state to state. The Tarasoff case provided a basis to guide a practitioner in his professional dealings relative to the duty to warn others in cases of a specific threat of harm by his patient against others/another. Subsequent cases followed the consistent pattern of the jurisprudence laid down by the Supreme Court. In the case of David v. Lhim (1983), the plaintiff-administrator of the estate sued the psychiatrist who treated the son who killed his mother after he was released from the hospital. There was failure on the part of the psychiatrist who treated the son to warn the mother of the potential danger after her son confided his intentions of killing her (Corbin, 2007). In another case, Chrite v. U.S. (2003), the Veterans Administration was held liable for having failed to warn the intended victim of a patient of a threatened harm. Subsequent rulings of the court clarified and defined what constituted ‘threat’ as “imminent threat of serious danger to a readily identifiable victim” and “specific” (Corbin, 2007).

When there are no specific provisions of the law, Dickson (1998) proposes that the therapist/practitioner may be protected against lawsuits if he would consult and keenly document the case of the patient or comply with the “mandated reporting guidelines” required by some states. Reamer (2003) on the other hand, suggests that the therapist must have evidence that the patient is a threat to the safety of another; evidence of that the threat can be foreseen; threat is imminent and that the potential victim is identifiable.

Legal and Ethical Implications and their Impact on Social Work Practice

The duty of reasonable care to assist others in danger is a legal duty as well as a moral duty. However, American negligence law only recognizes it as a moral duty except when there exists a relationship between parties. In the case of Tarasoff, no special relationship existed between the therapist and Tarasoff; however the court has made an exception to this general rule (Bickel, 2001). It declared that the therapist has the duty to care and to warn Tarasoff of the imminent harm on her life. This also includes the duty to control the conduct of his patient, Poddar. In the same breath, a doctor has the duty to warn his patient if he has a contagious disease (Saltzman and Furman, 1999).

There is an affirmative duty for the therapist to advise and warn Tarasoff of the threat to her life although this meant breach of confidentiality with his patient Poddar. This finds basis both legally and ethically considering that the law and the code of ethics for doctors have recognized and provided specifically that doctors are bound to disclose relevant facts to others even if this violates confidentiality with their patients provided they are required by law or if it is required for public safety (Saltzman and Furman, 1999). This legal duty to warn applies when the threat is specific and imminent and where the victim is “readily identifiable” (Bickel, 2001). The courts also have recognized the difficulty in assessing and predicting circumstances that may lead to harm or violence and consequently, adhered to the ‘professional judgment rule’ whereby the therapist is not held liable for errors of judgments. Liability attaches only upon showing that the conduct of the therapist was not in accordance with the “accepted professional standards” (Bickel, 2001).

There is an ambivalence that was created by the Tarasoff protective disclosure ruling with the practitioners (Kachigian and Felthous, 2004). Analogous cases and protective disclosure statutes in the different states were analyzed and it was discovered that there are no clear defined parameters of these duties. The therapist is required to a certain way betray his patient by disclosing matters which are protected by confidentiality. Considering the uncertainty brought about by the legal doctrine and court decisions, the undesirable consequence of which was deterrence for therapists to accept “treatment potentially violent patients” (Merton, 1982). Moreover, therapists are more inclined to have their patients committed in an institution so that threats to the safety of potential victims can be averted.

The Tarasoff protective disclosure was even extended recently to include even “communications made from a patient’s family member” as pronounced by the Court in the case of Ewing v. Goldstein (May and Ohlschlager, 2008). The dubious jurisprudential precedents by the courts in interpreting the protective disclosure statutes or its resort to common law instead of interpreting the statute left a vacuum in the definition of the duty to protect (Kachigian and Felthous, 2004). As a result, “clinicians must continue to rely on their clinical and ethical judgment, rather than statutory guidance, when considering potential protective disclosures or future drafts of protective disclosure statutes” (Kachigian and Felthous, 2004).

References

Alderman, E. and Kennedy, C. (1992). In our defense: the bill of rights in action. First Avon

Books edition.

Ashby, J. (February 2006).  Note declining to state a name in consideration of the fifth amendment’s self-incrimination clause and law enforcement databases after Hiibel. Michigan Law Review, No. 4, Vol. 104:779.

Baltimore City Department of Social Services v Bouknight, 488 U.S. 1301 (1988).

Bickel, R. Revisiting Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California: the scope of the psychotherapist’s duty to control dangerous students. Presented before the 22nd Annual Law and higher Education conference in Clearwater, Florida on 18-20 February 2001.

California v. Byers, 402 U.S. 424, 448–58 (1971).

Corbin, J. (Fall 2007). Confidentiality and the duty to warn: Ethical and legal implications for the therapeutic relationship. The New Social Worker, Vol. 14, No. 4.

Dickson, D. T. (1998). Confidentiality and privacy in social work. New York: The Free Press

Doe v. U.S., 487 U.S. 201, 209 (1988).

Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976).

Kachigian, C. and Felthous, A. (September 2004). Court responses to Tarasoff statutes. Journal

of  American Academy of Psychiatry and Law Online, Vol. 23:263-273.

Levy, L. (1968). Origins of the fifth amendment: The right against self-incrimination.

May, S. and Ohlschlager, J. (2008). California alert! Tarasoff ruling expanded for clients who ‘go off.’ ECounseling. American Association of Christian Counselors.

Merton, V. (1982). Confidentiality and the dangerous patient: Implications of Tarasoff for Psychiatrists and lawyers. Emory Law Journal, Vol. 31:265.

New York v. Quarles, 476 U.S. 649 (1984).

Parks, A. (2008). Unless the Court of Appeals decision is reversed, MD children may not be. Daily Record The Baltimore.

Reamer, F. (2003). Social work malpractice and liability. New York: Columbia University Press, 2nd ed.

Saltzman, A. and Furman, D. (1999). Law in social work practice. Brooks Cole, 2nd edition.

Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757 (1966).

Schwartz, B (December 1971). The bill of rights: A documentary history. Chelsea House Publishers with McGraw-Hill Education.

Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425.

Ullmann v. United States, 350 U.S. 422 (1956).

U.S. v. Doe, 465 U.S. 605.

United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27 (2000).

E.Writers
http://www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/social-work-and-the-law-756045.html

How can I go about talking about fear to corruption in our government?

I’m presenting a poster with a group for my US Gov class tomorrow and one person is going to talk about fear (war) and then he wants me to make like a transition to corruption.

What could I say? How could I connect fear to corruption?

I think people become more vulnerable to corruption when they are in fear.

When Children Become Victims of Poverty and Ignorance

The ‘plights of the Akwa Ibom Children’, as the Punch Newspapers editorial of 15 January, 2009 described the madness in the name of child-witches hunting and exorcising going on in the state, need the attention of every rational being on the surface of the earth. For as Guardian Newspapers editorial of December 21, 2008 suggested, it is nothing but a ‘debacle on Child Rights’, a situation that have taken away self-esteem and psychologically demean many children in the state to the extent that they are far too conscious of every of their daily acts everywhere and anywhere for the fear of being tagged witches or wizards. This is totally unacceptable. Hence the question: who is a witch?

Witchcraft, according to Bertrand Russell, is ‘a composite phenomenon drawing from folklore, sorcery, demonology, heresy and Christian theology’. The World Book Encyclopedia describes it as ‘the use of supposed magic powers generally to harm or damage property”. From these two definitions, we can move on to deduce a definition of a ‘witch’ as a person who is supposed to have received such powers from ‘evil spirits’, that is, power to know all things, power to destroy lives, among others. While ‘witch’ is a general name, the word has a gender connotation. A ‘male witch’ is called wizard, while a ‘female witch’ is called ‘witch’.

The belief in witchcraft is not recent, nor is it a product of the popular Harry Porter series. Rather, according to Godffrey Parrinder, it is “one of the great (sic) fears from which mankind has suffered”. The belief has appeared in many parts of the world, in one form or the other. While it became particularly prominent and developed in Europe in the later middles ages and renaissance periods, the belief in witches and their evil powers have remained with Africans for centuries before then. For Africa, therefore, till today, witchcraft belief is a great tyranny spreading panic and death. This unhindered, thriving, belief, which is devoid of any commonsensical scientific ratiocination, is being buoyed by the excruciating and pitiable living condition of many Africans that they found unexplainable; hence the need for scapegoats, the ‘witches’.  Thanks to the modern day fraudsters, the Pentecostal pastors.

The advent of Pentecostalism, and the healing Christian, churches have contributed in no small measure in reinforcing the belief. They accepted the existence of witches and witchcraft and claimed they have the power to protect against its evil powers. All manner of social, health and economic problems are readily carpeted as having ‘spiritual’ dimension blamable on ‘witches’, who are usually aged women and unwitting teenagers. To market their churches, most of these pastors have now resorted to demonizing  innocent children, as witches that must be ‘delivered’ and ‘saved’ from the power of darkness. This uncritical scapegoating is gaining momentum more than ever before because of the seemingly irredeemable economic condition of living of sub-Saharan Africans. The many frustrated sub-Saharan African people are brainwashed to believe that their major enemies are not corrupt government officials, inhuman government policies nor their, personal, inability to cultivate and explore the best of their potentials in the ‘here and now’ world. Rather they have been sweet-tongued into believing that it is the ‘witches’ in their families and their homes that have been working against their fortune spiritually. Based on the ‘prophesies’, the unfortunate scapegoats, those accused of being witches, are given two options: either to confess to their ‘countless heinous sins’ and be saved/delivered after severe beatings or risk being killed, which in most cases mean being stoned to death.

In the Akwa-Ibom situation, confession is often preferred. Why? The ‘Prophets’ and ‘Bishops’ of God must eat! All you need to imagine is a steady ten thousand naira, N10,000, minimum income, almost every other day for tagging an unfortunate child a witch. Let’s not forget that some pastors like Bishop Sunday Ulup-Aya charge as much as between N30,000, thirty thousand, and N400,000, four hundred thousand, naira for their services. But how, for instance, can one be sure that these children are witches, as these prophets claim, and not mere victims of the poverty ravaging the material and psychological fabric of their families and that of the prophets?

To answer this question, we took a field trip to the affected towns and villages early last month. The product of the ‘expedition’ as friends have retorted to calling it, is revealing. Our very first respondent in Eket, Mr. Edet claimed to have participated in “dealing with not less than 7 ‘confirmed’ child witches”, one of which was burnt by the mob beyond recognition.

“Who confirmed them as witches?” we inquired.
“Our pastor is a man of God and when he prayed, the Holy Spirit arrested the children”.
“Is it the holy spirit that pushed them to the front of the congregation to confess?”
“Sometimes, they cried of fire burning all over their bodies and sometimes, to be sincere, the look on the faces of members of the congregation is enough to push them to the front”

We then asked the question that pissed him really, really off:
“Don’t you think these allegations are fictitious and merely being fabricated by pastors to make some money and lure people to come to church for protection?”
Silently, I wished we never asked the question.

“You are possessed! Are you saying my pastor is a liar? Who you be sef? (meaning who are you?).I see that the devil is really disturbing you like that stupid Sam Ikpe (referring to the Director of CRARN, Child Rights and Rehabilitation Network, where some of the alleged child witches live). Now get off my bike!!”

With that last sentence, I need not tell you his profession. Well, Mr. Edet is a professional motorbike transport operator; he takes people from one location to another on his bike for a fee. He is married with four children and lives in a two-room apartment, shared toilet, shared kitchen. His average income is a bit over $5 per day, but about $4 sometimes. After Edet, we had some other interviews at the bar, at the market (buying what we don’t really need sometimes only to give them to other respondents), at a popular burukutu (local beer) joint, in canteens and church environs.

What is glaring from all the responses to our questions is that there seems to be element of aggression and frustration, which is being vented on these innocent children. The belief in witchcraft has stunted the growth of unchained creativity and made many Akwa-Ibomites to recoil unnecessarily to fate, visiting only pastors, Alfas (the Muslim witchdoctors) and the the traditional witchdoctors to ward off and cleanse themselves of the ‘curses or family jinx’ trailing them. Lean income, rather than been spent wisely are given to these modern day ‘fraudsters’ who ride in big cars for the spiritual ‘protections services’ they provided. In some cases, micro-finance loans, and financial compensations provided by the oil companies like Mobil Oil Unlimited,  have been used in funding ‘witchcraft cleansing rituals’ rather than the small scale business that it was disbursed for. Some even ‘swore by the their fathers, grandfathers and great, great grandfathers’ that they will kill any child witch found in their families. Pathetic, enh?

So, what is the fate of these children? We sought audience with handful of local officials in charge of child welfare in Eket, Esit Eket and Ibeno local government areas and the youth council officials in Eket Zone. Specifically, we met the General Secretary of the Eket Youth Council, who also doubles as the Chairman of the Ibeno Youth Council, Mr. Ebong Edem and some of his executive members.

The local social workers opined that although they are convinced that these children are witches, yet as their duties demands, they are willing to help them, most especially in providing psychological counseling and rehabilitation, mostly biblically colored, for them. It was as if they have all rehearsed the same statement for ‘journalists’ (what we claimed to be). What is baffling is: how can a child, someone less than ten years old, think of seking ‘psychological counseling’? That to us is complete bullshit!! Why not offer the counseling to their parents and friends, we thought. Those are the people that need counseling. The representatives of the youths that we spoke with exhume hope and skepticism yet they can’t voice them. One sure fact, however, is that they are willing to do something about it.

That is exactly the kind of spirit that we need in our attempt to clear the slur on our image and stall the attempt to regress us back into the European middle ages. The people, as we observe, need to be enlightened on the provisions of the Child Rights Act, although ignorance of the law is not an excuse. The Akwa-Ibom State Ministry of Information needs to run campaigns that will inform and educate Akwa-Ibomites on the provisions of the Child Rights Act, passed by the Akwa Ibom state House of Assembly and signed by Governor Akpabio, which criminalise childwitch hunting and stigmatizing. The provision that deals with this reads: anyone caught or suspected to be involved in any form of torture, trial by ordeal or inhuman treatment of a child, purportedly to cure, purge or exorcise such a child of witchcraft would be liable to 10 years imprisonment without an option of fine. This to us is a precious and timely addition to subsisting Section 207 of the nation’s Criminal Code Act Cap 38(2004)  which criminalize any trial by ordeal and Section 208 which stipulates that any person who directs, controls or presides at any trial by ordeal which is unlawful, “is guilty of a felony” and is liable on conviction to severe punishment.

Obviously, these children are mere victims of poverty ravaging the country and the inactivity of the state ministry concerned in dutifully informing the populace even when a very proactive measure have been taken by the Governor. We are, therefore, duty-bound as responsible global citizens to, by all moral means, assist in freeing these children from the shackles and bondages of poverty and ignorance they have been conditioned to live. We can do it!

Onward!

‘Yemi Ademowo Johnson, socio-political philosopher and applied anthropologist, is Editor, YouthSpeak!, Belgium, and International Coordinator, HAWK-Africa Project.

Yemi Ademowo Johnson
http://www.articlesbase.com/causes-and-organizations-articles/when-children-become-victims-of-poverty-and-ignorance-756041.html

The Virtue of Romanticism

The Virtue of Romanticism

By Punkerslut

Romanticism: An artistic and intellectual movement originating
in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a
heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s
expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the
attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against
established social rules and conventions.

– Dictionary.com

I remember once seeing a small child at a bus terminal, covered
in a blanket and carrying a piece of luggage that was close to
her size. I looked again. I didn’t know where she was going. I
didn’t bother to ask. But there was something there that maybe a
painting could capture, maybe a song could express, that I saw.
And I looked again.

It is my sole contention in this piece, that the greatest value
of life can be derived from our emotions. To deny what the heart
truly seeks, whether it violates the principles of conventional
society or not, is to deny the liberty of happiness. I contend
that no man is free who cannot live with himself. A prison will
form around his spirit, as he seeks any means of understanding.
To truly live, one must be able to know who they are. Image,
whether it is age or gender, are unimportant in this aspect. The
important part of knowledge, of the wisdom of self, is not what
the world may see when they see you, but how you and your
intimate friends know about how you feel. And in our society,
there is so much inhibition, about recognizing our shame, our
guilt, our happiness, our fears. To speak that your words become
the expression of your soul has been turned into a weakness,
believed by the masses to be the epitome of a soft mind. If a
man were to find his happiness in a lover, in the secret smiles
of watching the movement of one who captures your dreams — if a
man discovers his own peace in this world of ours, then what
true argument can we offer that it was not his own emotions that
granted him this most perfect truth? If a child is kept up at
night, to the hours of the morning, plagued with misery of
memories of abuse of cruelty, would it not be inhumane, to tell
him to ignore it — to tell him to close his eyes to the
daemons, while they increase in size with every passing year?

And I contend this: that to truly live, one must be free with
their emotions; and by this, I mean that a person cannot hide
from what they feel, and true happiness is only accomplished
when they speak all worries and dreams with those they are close
to. It is a tragedy to think that billions of men have died on
this planet, before they could truly live.

I remember one night when I saw a California sunset. The orange
melded with the red, almost searing the sky into peace. I’m not
sure I ever saw anything so beautiful. And I am glad that I
spent that moment with those I consider to be my family. When
one thinks of family, they think of blood relatives, whom they
have to aid and harbor in times of distress, due to social
norms. When I think of family, I think of a group bound not by
blood, but by love, and when I aid or help a brother or sister
in their time of need, I do not do it out of an obligation I
think I am tied to — I do it because they were a shoulder to
cry on, they were the first to stand up and speak when I was
accused of wrong doing. It didn’t matter to them that it may
have been a massive army threatening me, just like it didn’t
matter to me that I had to travel for three days straight so I
could see their faces.

Dreams keep me from forgetting how much I love them.

If a woman was asked who she was, and if she could not answer,
I would have a hard time believing that she was happy. If you
know that you truly love someone or something, there is always
an inhibition or a fear in telling others that you feel this way
– but the greater part of our population has gone even further
in this, by having such a fear or inhibition in even telling
themselves. It is here that society turns our emotion into a
crime, turns our hearts into convicts. By knowing ourselves, our
wants and fears, perhaps our shame or guilt, our love and hate
– by not only knowing, but understanding, the dreams and
nightmares of our soul, the dreaded possibilities that our minds
tumble over every night, the magnificent fantasies that make us
soar with a shy smile — by understanding our emotions, we can
find an honest path to happiness. If we were to engage in an
activity, because it is expected and not because it is our wish,
it is a lie — not only to our close allies, but also to the
greatest individual in our life: ourself. When we lie to
ourselves, so we can fulfill a social obligation, or a family
obligation, it detiorates our soul, it destroys the fundamentals
of happiness. Because in that sort of situation, another day is
another excuse for deceit, another confrontation or encounter is
another chance to hide the lies. A sincere person will find
distress in telling a lie to themself while keeping a clean
conscience. Whatever may be the effort that must be exerted in
portraying an image that society demands, it would take all the
effort in the world — but it is the act of lying to yourself
that weighs heaviest on the soul. Romanticism is about knowing
and understanding the truth of your emotions.

There are so many expectations, so many things that we must do
to uphold our image. Society has already given us a schedule, a
uniform, and a routine. Failure to comply will make people not
trust you, and the idiocy of this is that this is how they
respond once you learned to trust yourself. The sort of
expectation that you are given can vary. Children are expected
to obey and love their parents. There can be hardly any doubt to
the origin of this rule: it was written by adults. Besides that,
children are naturally submissive and needing of parental
affection. There was little objection to this rule. But it
became harder to understand and accept the state of things, when
a child realizes that their parent is doing something wrong,
something cruel, merciless, and brutal. The only crime was
listening and judging for himself, and still the child will be
regarded as a failure of the family for having an alternative
opinion. But imagine if the child had complied with the demands
of the family and spoke lies, that he believed what the father
had done was right — if they forced themselves to believe this
all their life, every day would be draped in the idea that it is
okay to lie to yourself, if it pleases another. Independence is
perhaps the greatest thing to have. To be deprived of it at such
an early age and for so long is a crime. Perhaps it is a lover
and their expectations of another lover, or perhaps it is a
friend and their expectations of another friend. Perhaps someone
is expected to be sexual because of a stereotype, such as their
gender, and perhaps someone is expected to be non-sexual for the
same reasons. If a person follows these expectations to fulfill
the image that others have thrown on them, they will never find
real happiness. They will find that their days are full of
deceit. Such a life is not a real… All that I ask of my
brothers, my sisters — my comrades and my friends — is that
they never deny how they feel, to themselves or those who they
trust; and I ask them this, for their own happiness. Their
suffering is my suffering. Their poverty is my poverty. And my
riches are their riches. Our love belongs to us.

When a lover apologizes to their significant other, when they
are not at fault, just to end the conflict so they can be back
in that blissful affection. They are lying to themselves and
their lover by giving in, but they are honest in one respect –
that they will do whatever it takes to satisfy the person that
means the most to them. I admit it. It may very well be true
that when a lover apologizes to end conflict, when he or she is
not at fault, such a relationship should most likely end anyway.

And when we think of our friends and our family, sometimes it
is hard to say how we feel, what our heart has told us for so
long. Because society keeps telling us that it is a source of
weakness, or a source of depravity. Let society think as it
shall. Social rules should never be a reason for a person to
condemn their lives to sorrow and pain. When I think of my
family, I think of the society of those who have touched my
heart, of the kinship I have formed, of the connection of our
minds. And I remember again…

Dreams keep me from forgetting how much I love them.

www.punkerslut.com

For Life, Punkerslu

Punkerslut
http://www.articlesbase.com/motivational-articles/the-virtue-of-romanticism-2035.html

Paris Hilton Reveals NASA UFO Secrets (Sort Of)

Buzz Aldrin was scheduled for a phone interview on the Friday, June 8, 2007, edition of Your World with Neil Cavuto on the Fox News cable channel. Originally booked to talk about the latest space shuttle launch, he suddenly found himself being asked about Paris Hilton and had some very interesting things to say.

Friday, June 8, 2007, should have been a big news day. A former Preacher’s Wife was sentenced to three years in prison for shooting her husband in the back while he slept. A Tax Protestor couple in New Hampshire discovered what happens when you challenge the authority of people you elect to office: You get state police and an army of federal troops with tanks and federal agents with submachine guns at your door. The space shuttle took off on a mission to support the International Space Station. It was announced that the current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was stepping down. East Coast air travel was practically brought to a stand still by a computer glitch.

None of those news pieces ended up being the biggest story of the day. Instead it was Paris (Hilton, not France). Yes, it apparently took Fox and other news gathering and reporting organizations eight hours to tell the tale of Naughty Paris and the Nasty Judge. It didn’t seem to bother the news pundits that Paris was ordered back to jail to serve a forty-five day sentence for a probation violation, when other celebs have spent as little as five hours in jail for the same thing. I mean, give a gal a break! Don’t billion dollar babies get an automatic pass? Regardless of how you feel about the Paris Affair, it may have paid off in an unusual way for UFO Researchers.

Buzz Aldrin was supposed to be talking about the latest Space Shuttle Mission. Imagine his surprise when the famous astronaut’s guest spot was jammed into the middle of the never-ending discussion about Paris. An experienced media guest, Buzz is never at a loss for prefabricated words. Years ago I appeared on the Sally Jesse Raphael Show with him and a few other UFO Researchers. As long as you didn’t ask him anything out of the ordinary, he had some terrific prepared responses. If you did, he stammered and stumbled. That’s what happened on Your World with Neil Cavuto today around 1:30pm Arizona Time.

Asked to comment on how he felt about living in a world where Paris dominates the news for hours on end, he began by stammering on about some science fiction book he once wrote. The story was about a civilization that was going to be destroyed in exactly 140 years by a terrible calamity. He point was that everyone knew about it and did nothing until the very last minute. Huh? Like I said, not good without the prefab responses.

Buzz continued and finally made a lucid point. He apparently feels that we have lost our focus. Instead of worrying about how the Russians, Chinese and Japanese are slowly overtaking us in space research and exploration, we sensationalize and promote non-events like today’s Paris debacle. Just as Your World was headed to a break, Aldrin reminisced about the days of the Apollo 11 Moon Mission and said, “Suppose Neal and I said, ‘Look at what’s outside of our window! It’s a UFO!’ Instead, we said, ‘It’s unusual to see a booster rocket outside of our window.’ Think about what people would have said and what they would have done if we told them it was a UFO following us? That’s what it was.”

This was not Aldrin’s first statement about UFO encounters during the Apollo 11 Mission. He appeared on a Science Channel program entitled, “First on the Moon: The Untold Story” in 2005 and made this unusual observation: “There was something out there that, uh, was close enough to be observed and what could it be? Mike (Collins) decided he thought he could see it in the telescope and he was able to do that and when it was in one position, that had a series of ellipses, but when you made it real sharp it was sort of L shaped. That didn’t tell us very much.”

While interesting, it was carefully worded and left the door open to various interpretations. Compare that to the statement he made today, “Think about what people would have said and what they would have done if we told them it was a UFO following us? That’s what it was.”

Throwing caution to the wind, Aldrin brings up two points that involve accusations UFO Researchers have made against NASA and the Government for years:

1. The U.S. Government is hiding information about UFOs for fear of public reaction to the affirmation that Aliens exist and are visiting our planet at will.

2. The U.S. Government knows all about UFOs and has the ability to identify them.

To my knowledge, Aldrin has hardly ever used the term, “UFO.” Astronauts have avoided that term like the plague. Deke Slayton, an Astronaut and Chief of the Astronaut Office made this statement in 1976: “I don’t recall any of our astronauts ever reporting UFOs.” Why would he say that when there were already so many Astronaut sightings and UFO photos on record by then? Simple. They were already IDENTIFIED, not UNIDENTIFIED. And as far as word games go, the use of the term UFO by government or military personnel officially ended with the close of Project Bluebook (the official U.S. Government investigation into UFOs) in 1969.

As indicated by Buzz Aldrin’s latest statement, NASA already knew how to recognize UFOs in 1969. Aldrin: “Think about what people would have said and what they would have done if we told them it was a UFO following us? That’s what it was.” However, Aldrin hasn’t always been so forthcoming. I recall Aldrin’s trademark Cheshire cat smile on the Sally Jesse Raphael Show anytime we asked about UFOs or Aliens. It was his preprogrammed defense mechanism. Anytime he’s asked about UFOs during a television, cable or film interview, the smile pops up. Other times he’ll substitute the smile with handy comments like, “It’s a big universe” or “I guess someone else has to be out there,” but it’s still more than we ever hear from Neil Armstrong.

The world is still waiting to hear what the first man to walk on the moon has to say about what happened during the Apollo 11 Mission. Described as a deeply private and honest man, Armstrong has been virtually silent since returning to Earth except for a few interviews almost immediately after the mission. The question that has always bothered me is why?

The only sensible answer is that things happened on the Apollo 11 Moon Mission that Neil Armstrong doesn’t want to talk about. It’s likely that he would rather say nothing then lie to people, mislead them or deliver a series of NASA approved responses. It’s impossible to say exactly what happened, but there is a decent body of evidence to indicate that it was anything but a routine flight.

During a time when the media was allowed to monitor most radio transmissions from the mission, odd noises and allegedly unknown languages were heard. Various statements regarding unknown objects and particular incidents were made by all three of the Apollo 11 Astronauts. Some photos taken during the mission appear to show a number of odd lights and strange objects in various positions near the moon.

Armstrong’s overall lack of enthusiasm for press events brings up another question. Why would NASA choose a quiet guy like Neil Armstrong to be the first man to walk on the Moon? They had to know that everyone in the world would want to interview him for years to come. That could have been a major publicity boom for NASA; instead it turned into a bust that probably contributed to the eventual gutting of the Space Program. That leaves the door open for all kinds of speculation.

Whenever he’s asked a question about something that Neil Armstrong said or did during the Apollo 11 Moon Mission, Buzz Aldrin always says, “You would have to ask Neil about that.” We would love to Buzz, but he ain’t talking! The best we can hope for is a final disclosure from Armstrong while he is alive or some kind of written or recorded statement left behind after he passes on. Now almost seventy-six years old, his last public appearance was at the White House in 2004 for the 35th Anniversary Celebration of the Moon Landing. As usual, he had little to say during that occasion.

On a day when all the news cameras were focused on a tearful Paris Hilton being dragged off to jail (again), Buzz Aldrin’s latest statement was the real bombshell. But those precious few and very important words from Aldrin came about all because of the Hilton court date coverage. So I say, Thanks, Paris! I’ll send a cake with a file in it and a Get out Of Jail Free Card from my children’s Spongebob version Monopoly game if that will help. Read more and view UFO photos taken during the Apollo 11 Mission at http://www.CanYouStandTheTruth.com

Bill Knell

LEADERSHIP

WAYNE FIELDS –“The best six doctors anywhere and no one can deny it are sunshine, water, rest, and air Exercise and diet. These six will gladly you attend If only you are willing your mind they’ll ease your will they’ll mend and charge you not a shilling.”

WB YEATS –“The best lack all conviction, while the worst/Are Jull of passionate intensity.”

WC FIELDS –“Horse sense is the thing a horse has which keeps it from betting on people.”

WCLEMENT STONE –“There is little difference in people, but that little difference makes a big difference. The little difference is attitude. The big difference is whether it is positive or negative.”

WELSH PROVERB –“Three things give hardy strength: sleeping on hairy mattresses, breathing cold air, and eating dry food.”

WEMHER VON BRAUN –“Research is what I’m doing when I don’t know what I’m doing.”

WEN JLABAO –“Please just hold on, people are going to get you out of here.”

WENDELL BERRY –“Energy is superhuman in the sense that humans cannot create it. They can only refine or convert it. And they are bound to it by one of the paradoxes of religion: they cannot have it except by losing it; they cannot use it except by destroying it…”

WENDELL BERRY –“Men may dam it and say that they have made a lake, but it will still be a river. It will keep its nature and bide its time, like a caged animal alert for the slightest opening. In time, it will have its way; the dam, like the ancient cliffs, will be carried away piecemeal in the currents.”

WENDELL BERRY –“We are far more concerned about the desecration of the flag than we are about the desecration of our land.”

WENDELL PHILIPS –“Difference religion breeds more quarrels than difference of polities.”

WENDELL PHILLIPS- “Difference of religion breads more quarrels than difference of politics.”

WENDELL PHILUPS –“Low is nothing unless close behind it Stands a warm living public opinion.”

WENDY MARSTON –“Once you have the chance to be anything you want, you face the really tough question: What do you want?”

WERICK THE GREAT –“All religions must be tolerated. Every man must get to heaven in his own way.”

WERNER VON BRAUN –“Use the word “impossible” with the greatest caution.”

WERNHER VAN BRAUN –“Don’t tell me that man doesn’t belong out there. Man belongs wherever he wants to go— and he’ll do plenty well when he gets there.”

WES NISKER –“if you don’t like the news, go out and make some of your own.”

WH AUDEN –“A poet is a person who is passionately in love with language.”

WH AUDEN –“No human being can make another one happy.”

WH AUDEN –“No human being is innocent, but there is a class of innocent human actions called Games.”

WH AUDEN –“We are here on Earth to do good to others. What the others are here for; I don’t know.”

WH AUDEN –“We must love one another or die.”

WHITE –“In antiquity, every tree, every spring, every stream, every hill had its own genius loci, its guardian spirit… Before one cut a tree, mined a mountain, or a brook, it was important to placate the spirit in charge of that particular situation, and to keep it placated. By destroying animism, we have only ended up exploiting nature in a mood of indifference to the feelings of natural objects.”

WHITE HOUSE –“The sound of the Shafer heralds the beginning of a new year and a time of remembrance and renewal for the Jewish people. During these holy days, men and women are called to reflect on their faith and to honour the blessings of creation.”

WHITMAN –“The untold want, by life and land ne’er granted, Now, Voyager, sail thou forth, to seek and find.”

WHITNEY HOUSTON –“It’s about believin’ when you ain’t got anything to believe in.”

WHITTIER –“The smile of God is victory.”

WHOOPI GOLDBERG –“It never occurs to me that there are things I can’t do.”

WIKIPAEDIA –“Researchers reason that all living humans descend from Africans, some of whom migrated out of Africa and populated the rest of the world. If the mitochondrial analysis is correct, then because mitochondrial Eve represents the root of the mitochondrial family tree, she must have predated the exodus and lived in Africa. Therefore many researchers take the mitochondrial evidence as support for the “single-origin” or Out-of-Africa model.”

WIKIPAEDIA –“As Mahalakshmi, the supreme Goddess of Love and Delight, she lends grace and charms everything divine or human. As Mahasaraswati, the Goddess of Divine skill and Knowledge, she is the firefighter and trouble-shooter for the entire universe.”

WIKIPAEDIA –“Hypertextuality is the interconnectedness of all literary works and their interpretation. A woven fabric of cultural consciousness is imitated and, in fact, investigated.”

WIKIPAEDIA –“Primordial Parashakti is the ultimate dynamic energy of transcendental Brahmn… Brahmn is attributeless whereas Parashakti has many attributes. While, Brahmn has only to be cognised, Parashakti can be worshipped with name and form. She is Divine Will personified. She isconscious power beyond everything. She is the invisible and constant presence that sustains the world, linking form and name, holding them in interdependence. There is nothing impossible for Her She is the Universal Goddess. She is all knowledge, all strength, all triumph and all victory she is the Goddess Supreme, Maheshvari, who brings to us the total state of illumination.”

WIKIPAEDIA “Shakti is Mother of the universe. She creates, preserves, dissolves. She is the sat and so creates. She is chit, so she is life. She is ananda or bliss. He is also possessor and controller of opposite qualities: Destruction, death and terror as Mahakali, Goddess of Supreme Strength.”

WIKIPAEDIA –“Space-time entails a new concept of distance. Whereas distances are always positive in Euclidean spaces, the distance between any two events in space-time — called an “interval” — may be real, zero, or even imaginary.”

WIKIPAEDIA –“The real purpose of the Paryushan is to purify our soul by staying closer to our own soul, to look at our faults, to ask for forgiveness for the mistakes we have committed, and take vows to minimise our faults. We try to forget about the needs of our body and our business so that we can concentrate on our-self. Swetambers celebrate eight days of Paryushan and the last day is called Samvastsari. In these eight days most of Jains keep fast in many ways and all Jains keep fast on Last day of Paryushan. The process of shedding our KARMAS really begins by asking for forgiveness with true feelings and to vow not to repeat mistakes. The quality of the forgiveness requires humility and suppression of anger.”

WILCOX AND MUMFORD –““I don’t care how poor a man is; if he has family, he’s rich.”

WILFRED B L TROTTER –“The dispassionate intellect, the open mind, the unprejudiced observer, exist in an exact sense only in a sort of intellectualist folklore; states even approaching them cannot be reached without a moral and emotional effort most of us cannot or will not make.”

WILFRED PETERSON –“The best leaders are very often the best listeners. They have an open mind. They are not interested in having their own way but in finding the best way.”

WILILAM JAMES –“There is only one thing a philosopher can be truly relied upon to do, and that is to contradict other philosophers.”

WILL AND ARIEL DURANT –“The future never just happened. It was created.”

WILL DURANT- “Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance.”

WILL DURANT –“In my youth, I stressed freedom, and in my old age I stress order. I have made the great discovery that liberty is a product of order.”

WILL DURANT –“The love we have in our youth is superficial compared to the love that an old man has for his old wife.”

WILL DURANT –“The trouble with most people is that they Think with their hopes or fears or, wishes rather than with their minds.”

WILL ROGERS –“An onion can make people cry but there’s never been a vegetable that can make people laugh.”

WILL ROGERS –“Even you’re on the right track, you won’t get anywhere if you’re standing still.”

WILL ROGERS –“Everything is funny as long as it is happening to somebody else.”

WILL ROGERS –“If there are no dogs in Heaven, then when I die I want to go where they went.”

WILL ROGERS –“One revolution is just like one cocktail, it just gets you organized or the next.”

WILL ROGERS –“Outside of traffic, there is nothing that has held this country back as much as committees.”

WILL ROGERS –“There is no more independence in politics than there is in jail.”

WILL ROGERS –“We don’t give our criminals much punishment, but we sure give them plenty of publicity.”

WILL ROGERS –“We don’t know what we want, but we are ready to bite somebody to get it.”

WILL ROGERS –“You can’t say civilisation isn’t advancing, in every war they kill you in a new way.”

WILL SCHUTZ –“Man’s self-concept is enhanced when he takes responsibility for himself.”

WILLA CATHER –“That is happiness; to be dissolved into something completely great.”

WILLA CATHER –“There are only two or three human stories, and they go on repeating themselves as fiercely as if they had never happened before.”

WILLA CATHER –“Where there is the greatest love, there are always miracles.”

WILLA GATHER –“I like trees because they seem more resigned to the way they have to live than other things do.”

WILLA GATHER –“Where there is great love, there are always miracles.”

WILLA GATHER –“Where there is great love, there are always wishes.”

WILLARD MARRIOTT –“Good timber does not grow with ease. The stronger the wind the stronger the tree.”

WILLIAM A WARD –“Another fresh new year is here…/ Another year to live!/To banish worry, doubt, and fear, to love and laugh and I give!/ This bright New Year is given me/to live each day with zest…/To daily grow and try to be/my highest and my best! I have the opportunity/ once more to right some wrongs,/ to pray for peace, to plant a tree,/ and sing more joyful songs.”

WILLIAM A WARD –“Do more than belong: participate. Do more than care: help. Do more than believe: practice. Do more than be fair be kind. Do more than forgive: forget. Do more than dream: work.”

WILLIAM A WART –“Adversity causes some men to break; others to break records.”

WILLIAM ARTHUR WARD –“If you can imagine it, you can achieve it.”

WILLIAM ASHWORTH –“Children of a culture born in a water-rich environment, we have never really learned how important water is to us. We understand it, but we do not respect it.”

WILLIAM BENNETT- “There are no menial jobs, only menial attitudes.”

WILLIAM BLACK- “A truth that’s told with bad intent, beats all the lies you can invent.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“A dog starv’d at the master’s gate/ Predicts the ruin of the State./ A horse misus’d upon the road/ Calls to heaven for human blood./ Each outcry of the hunted hare/ A fibre from the brain does tear,/ A skylark wounded on the wing,/ A cherubim does cease to sing.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“Ancient poets animated all sensible objects with gods or geniuses… choosing forms of worship from poetic tales. And at length they pronounced that the gods had ordered such things. Thus men forgot that all deities reside in the human breast.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“Excess of sorrow laughs. Excess of joy weeps.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“He who binds himself to a joy Doth the winged life destroy; But he who kisses the joy as it flies Lives in Eternity’s sun rise.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“I care not whether a man is good or evil; all that I care/ Is whether he is a wise man or a fool. Go! put off holiness,/And put on intellect… Men are admitted into Heaven not because they have curbed and governed their passions or have no passions, but because they have cultivated their understandings. The treasures of Heaven are not negations of passion, but realities of intellect, from which all the passions emanate uncurbed in their eternal glory. The fool shall not enter into Heaven let him be ever so holy.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“I have mental joys and mental health, Mental friends and mental wealth, I’ve a wife that I love and that loves me; have all but riches bodily.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“I myself do nothing. The Holy Spirit accomplishes all through me.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“I was angry with my friend: I told my wrath, my wrath did end. I was angry with my foe I told it not, my wrath did grow.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“In seed time learn, in harvest teach, in winter enjoy.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“It is easier to forgive an enemy than to forgive a friend.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“Man’s Desires are limited by his Perceptions; none can desire what he has not perceived.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“No bird soars too high if he soars with his own wings.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“Scientists, in trying to decipher that which should remain indecipherable, would turn that which is soul and life into a mill or machine.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“The strongest poison ever known/ Came from Caesar’s laurel crown.”

WILLIAM BLAKE –“The voice of honest indignation is the voice of God.”

William borah- “The marvel of the history is the patience with which men and women submit to burdens unnecessarily laid upon them by their governments.”

WILLIAM BRAMWELL –“There is too much meat and drink, too little fasting and self-denial, too much taking part in the world… and too little self-examination and prayer.”

WILLIAM BUTLERYEATS –“Education is not filling a bucket but lighting a fire.”

WILLIAM CHANNING –“To live content with small means, to seek elegance rather than luxury, and refinement rather than fashion, to be worthy not respectable, and wealthy, not rich, to study hard, think quietly, talk gently, act frankly, to listen to stars and birds, to babes and sages, with open heart, to bear all cheerfully, do all bravely, await occasions, hurry never, in a word to let the spiritual, unbidden and unconscious, grow up through the common, this is to be my symphony.”

WILLIAM CLAYTON –“The dumber people think you are, the more surprised they’re going to be when you kill them.”

WILLIAM COFFIN –“Only reverence can restrain violence — reverence for human life and the environment.”

WILLIAM COWPER – “Nature is a good name for an effect whose cause is God.”

WILLIAM COWPER –“But war’s a game, which, were their subject wise,/ Kings would not play at.”

WILLIAM COWPER –“God made the country, and man made the town.”

WILLIAM COWPER –“The bud may have a bitter taste,/But sweet will be the flower.”

WILLIAM COWPER:- “Nature is a good name for an effect whose cause is God.”

WILLIAM DRUMMOND –“A man who cannot reason is a fool, a man who will not reason is a bigot, and a man who dare not reason is a slave.”

WILLIAM ERNEST HOCKING –“Only the man who has enough good in him to feel the justice of the penalty can be punished; the others can only be hurt.”

WILLIAM FAULKNER –“Don’t bother just to be better than your contemporaries or predecessors. Try to be better than yourself.”

WILLIAM FAULKNER- “Facts and truth really don’t have much to do with each other.”

WILLIAM FEATHER –“A determination to succeed is the only way to succeed that I know anything about.”

WILLIAM FEATHER –“Early morning cheerfulness can be extremely obnoxious.”

WILLIAM FEATHER –“Success seems to be largely a matter of hanging on after others have let go.”

WILLIAM FEATHER –“We always admire the other person more after we’ve tried to do his job.”

WILLIAM FREDERICK HALSEY –“There are no great people in this world, only great challenges which ordinary people rise to meet.”

WILLIAM GARTNER –“What separates the entrepreneur from others is that entrepreneurs act on what they see.”

WILLIAM GLADSTONE –“Duty is a power that arises with us in the morning, and goes to rest with us in the night. It is co-extensive with the action of our intelligence. It is the shadow that cleaves to us, go where we will.”

WILLIAM GLADSTONE- “Justice delayed is justice denied.”

WILLIAM HAVARD- “Our country welfare is our first concern, and who promotes that best, best proves his duty.”

WILLIAM HAZLITT –“Grace is the absence of everything that indicates pain or difficulty, hesitation or incongruity.”

WILLIAM HAZLITT –“Gracefulness has been defined to be the outward expression of the inward harmony of the soul.”

WILLIAM HAZLITT –“Great thoughts reduced to practice become great acts.”

WILLIAM HAZLITT –“Man is the only animal that laughs and weeps, for he is the only animal that is struck with the difference between what things are, and what they ought to be.”

WILLIAM HAZLITT –“The more we do, the more we can do; the more busy we are the more leisure we have.”

WILLIAM HAZLITT –“There is heroism in crime as well as in virtue. Vice and infamy have their altars and their religion.”

WILLIAM HENRY CHANNING – “Error is the discipline through which we advance.”

WILLIAM HENRY CHANNING –“Difficulties are meant to rouse, not discourage.”

WILLIAM HENRY CHANNING –“To live content with small means, to seek elegance rather than luxury, and refinement rather than fashion, to be worthy, not respectable, and wealthy, not rich, to study hard, think quietly, talk gently, act frankly, to listen to stars and birds, to babes and sages, with open heart, to bear all cheerfully, do all bravely, await occasions, hurry never, in a word to let the spiritual, unbidden and unconscious, grow up through the common, this is to be my symphony.”

WILLIAM HOCKING –“Only the man who has enough good in him to feel the justice of the penalty can be punished; the others can only be hurt.”

WILLIAM HOMADY –“What I am inside determines the issue in the battle of life.”

WILLIAM J. BENNETT:- “There are no menial jobs, only menial attitudes.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“Be not afraid of life. Believe that life is worth living and your belief will help create the fact.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“Believe life is worth living and your belief will help create the fact.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“If you care enough for the result, you will almost always attain it.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“The deepest principle in human nature is the craving to be appreciated.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes of mind.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“Then you have to make a choice and don’t make it, that is in itself a choice.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“These, then, are my last words to you: Be not afraid of life. Believe that life is worth living, and your belief will help create that fact.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“This life is worth living, we can say, since it is what we make it.”

WILLIAM JAMES –“This overcoming of all the usual barriers between the individual and the Absolute and we become aware of our oneness. This is the everlasting and triumphant mystical tradition, hardly altered by differences of clime or creed.”

WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN –“Destiny is no matter of chance. It is a matter of choice. It is not a thing to be waited for it is a thing to be achieved.”

WILLIAM JONES –“Let everything you do be done as if it makes a difference.”

WILLIAM L GARRISON –“Are right and wrong convertible terms, dependant upon popular opinion?”

WILLIAM L. SHIRER –“Most true happiness comes from one’s inner life, from the disposition of the mind and soul.”

WILLIAM LANDBURG –“Modern portfolio theory allows for the fact that financial markets are by their nature unpredictable. An infinite array of events that are, impossible to foresee or control affect returns — currency meltdowns, earthquakes, terrorist attacks and 100-year storms (which have a way of occurring every five years!). Logic and rational thinking rarely factor into the mix. As was seen in the dot corn era, a company’s underlying strength, reflected by such variables as profitability, earning prospects and market share, may have far less effect on share price than mindless exuberance. How else can we account for the swings and gyrations in the stock market in recent years?”

WILLIAM LANGLAND –“We should be low and love like and lean each man to the other And patient as pilgrims, for pilgrims are we all.”

WILLIAM LANGLAND –“We should be low and love like and lean each man to the other And patient as pilgrims, for pilgrims are we all.”

WILLIAM LAW –“A life devoted to the interests and enjoyments of this world, spent and wasted in the slavery of earthly desires, may be truly called a dream, as having all the shortness, vanity, and delusion of a dream; only with this great difference, that when a dream is over nothing is lost but fictions and fancies; but when the dream of life is ended only by death, all that eternity is lost, for which we were brought into being.”

WILLIAM LAW –“All other sacrifices that we make whether of worldly goods, honours, or pleasures, are but small matters compared to that sacrifice and destruction of all selfishness, as well spiritual as natural, that must be made before our regeneration hath its perfect work.”

WILLIAM LAW –“For Heaven is as near to our souls as this world is to our bodies.”

WILLIAM LAW –“Love and pity and wish well to every soul in the world; dwell in love, and then you dwell in God; hate nothing but the evil that stirs in your own heart.”

WILLIAM LONDON –“To insure good health: eat lightly, breathe deeply, live moderately, cultivate cheerfulness, and maintain an interest in life.”

WILLIAM M THACKERAY –“Mother is the name of God in the lips and hearts of children.”

WILLIAM Mc FEE –“The world belongs to the enthusiast who keeps cool.”

WILLIAM MCDONOUGH –“Don’t get me wrong: love nuclear energy! It’s just that i prefer fusion to fission. And it just so happens that there’s an enormous fusion reactor safely banked a few million miles from us. It delivers more than we could ever use in just about eight minutes. And it’s wireless!”

WILLIAM MCGONAGALL –“Beautiful city of Glasgow, with your streets so neat and clean, Your stately mansions, and beautiful Green! Likewise your beautiful bridges across the river Clyde, And on your bonnie banks I would like to reside.”

WILLIAM MOMS –“The true secret of happiness lies in taking a genuine interest in all the details of daily life and elevating them to an art.”

WILLIAM MORRIS –“Fellowship is heaven, and lack of fellowship is hell; fellowship is life, and lack of fellowship is death; and the deeds that ye do upon the earth, it is for fellowship’s sake that ye do them.”

WILLIAM MOTHERWELL –“Men say that in this midnight hour, the disembodied have power to wander as it liketh them, by wizard oak and fairy stream.”

WILLIAM ODOUGLAS –“Restriction of free thought and free speech is the most dangerous of all subversions.”

WILLIAM PENN –“Death is only a horizon, and a horizon is only the limit of our sight. Open your eyes to see more clearly.”

WILLIAM PENN –“He that does good for good’s sake seeks neither praise nor reward, though sure of both at least.”

WILLIAM PENN –“No pain, no palm; no thorns, no throne; r no gall, no glory; no cross, no crown.”

WILLIAM PHELPS –“We look backward too much and we look forward too much; thus we miss the only eternity of which we can be absolutely sure — the eternal present, for it is always now.”

WILLIAM PITT –“Necessity is the plea for every infringement of human freedom: it is the argument of tyrants.”

WILLIAM PURKEY –“Dance like no one is watching, love like you’ll never be hurt, sing like no one is listening and live like it’s heaven on earth.

WILLIAM R INGE –“We have enslaved the rest of the animal creation, and have treated our distant cousins in fur and feathers so badly that beyond doubt, if they were able to formulate a religion, they would depict the Devil in human form.”

WILLIAM RANDOLPH –“A politician will do anything to his job –even become a patriot.”

William S. Burroughs- “Be just, and if can’t be just, be arbitrary.”

WILLIAM S. GILBERT- “And whether you’re an honest man, or whether you’re a thief, depends up on whose solicitor has given me my brief.”

WILLIAM SAFIRE –“Never assume the obvious is true.”

WILLIAM SAROYAN –“Every man in the world is better than someone else and not as good as someone else.”

WILLIAM SAROYAN –“No man’s guilt is not yours, nor is any man’s innocence a thing apart.”

WILLIAM SEWELL –“We shall be judged, not by what we might have been, but what we have been.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE – “Hell is empty and all the devils are here.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE – “We are such stuff as dreams are made of; and our little life is rounded with a sleep.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“A victory is twice itself when the achiever brings home full numbers.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale her infinite variety; other women cloy The appetites .they feed.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Alas! How should you govern any kingdom, That know not how to use ambassadors.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Fear no more the heat of the sun, Not the furious winter’s rages; Thou thy worldly task hath done, Home art gone, and taken thy wages. Golden lads and girls all must, as chimney-sweepers, come to dust.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Have more than thou showest, / Speak less than thou knowest, /Lend less than thou owest, / Ride more than thou goest, / Learn more than thou trowest, / Set less than thou throwest; / Leave thy drink and thy whore, / And keep in-a-door, / And thou shalt have more / Than two tens to a score.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Here comes one with a paper: God give him grace to groan!”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Here feel we but the penalty of Adam, The seasons’ difference, as the icy fang And churiish chiding of the winter’s wind, Which, when it bites and blows upon my body. Even till I shrink with cold, I smile and say, “This is no flattery”.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“How poor are they that have not patience What wound did ever heal but by degrees?”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“I like this place and willingly could waste my time in it.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“If she be made of white and red,/ Her faults will ne’er be known,/ For blushing cheeks by faults are bred/ And fears by pale white shown:/ Then if she fear or be to blame,/ By this you shall not know,/ For still her cheeks possess the same/ Which native she doth owe.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Love all, trust a few: Do wrong to none.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE -“Love asks me no questions. And gives me endless support.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“My crown is in my heart, not in my head, Nor decked with diamonds and Indian stones, Nor to be seen; my crown is called contentment. A crown it is, that seldom kings enjoy”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Nor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass, Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron, Can be retentive to the strength of spirit; But life, being weary of these worldly bars, Never lacks power to dismiss itself.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Poor and content is rich and rich enough.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Reflection is the business of man; a sense of his state is his first duty: but who remembereth himself in joy? Is it not in mercy then that sorrow is allotted unto us?”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Some rise by sin, some by virtue fall.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“The gods approve the depth, and not the tumult, of the soul.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“The law hath not been dead, though it hath slept.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“The miserable have no other medicine but only hope.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Though I am not naturally honest, I am so sometimes by chance.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“When icicles hang by the wall,/ And Dick the shepherd blows his nail,/ And Tom bears logs into the hall,/ And milk comes frozen home in pail,/When blood is nipp’d and ways be foul,/ Then nightly sings the staring owl,/ Tu-whit; Tu-who, a merry note,While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“Wise men never sit and wail their loss, but cheerily seek how to redress their harms.”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE –“You, sir, I entertain for one of my hundred; only I do not like the fashion of your garments.”

WILLIAM SHEDD –“A ship in the harbor is safe, but that’s not what ships are built for.”

WILLIAM SOMERSET MAUGHAM –“The love that lasts the longest is the love that is never returned.”

WILLIAM STYRON –“A good book should leave you… slightly exhausted at the end. You live several lives while reading it.”

WILLIAM THOMAS- “No statement can be profound once it has been repeated by others.”

WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY- “Blindness we may forgive but baseness we will smite.”

WILLIAM WARD –“The experienced mountain climber is not intimidated by a mountain—he is inspired by it. The persistent winner is not discouraged by a problem — he is challenged by it.”

WILLIAM WORDSWORHT –“Wisdom is often near when we stop than when we soar.”

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH –“And, when the stream Which overflowed the soul was passed away, A consciousness remained that it had left, Deposited upon the silent shore Of memory images and precious thoughts That shall not die, and cannot be destroyed.”

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH –“I made no vows, but vows/ Were then made for me; bond unknown to me/ Was given, that i should be, else sinning greatly/ A dedicated spirit.”

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH –“The World is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers; little we see in Nature that is ours; we have given our hearts away, a sordid boon! This sea that bares her bosom to the moon; The winds that will be howling at all hours, And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers; For this, for everything, we are out of tune; It moves us not — Great God! I’d rather be A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn; so might I, standing on this pleasant lea, have glimpses that would make me less forlorn; Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea, or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.”

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH –“Wisdom is often nearer when we stoop than when we soar.”

WILLIAN ERNEST HOCKING –“Only the man who has enough good in him to feel the justice of the penalty can be punished; the others can only be hurt.”

WILLIS HARMAN –“By deliberately changing’ the internal image of reality people can change the world.”

WILLIS PLATER –“A liberal is a person whose interests aren’t at stake at the moment.”

WILLIS WHITNEY –“Some men have thousands of reasons why they cannot do what they want to, when all they need is one reason why they can.”

WILLS DURANT –“India was the motherland of our race and Sanskrit the mother of Europe’s languages. India was the mother of Our philosophy, of much of our mathematics, of the ideals embodied in Christianity.. of self-government and democracy In many ways, Mother India is the mother of us all.”

WILLS DURANT –“It is the function of the youth to defend liberty and innovation; of the old to defend order and tradition, and of middle age to find a middle way.”

WILMA ASKINAS –“A friend is one who sees through you and still enjoys the view.”

WILMA RUDOLPH –“No matter what great things you accomplish, somebody helps you.”

WILMA RUDOLPH –“No one goes alone to the heights of excellence. Whether your business is building a loving family, a great idea, a meaningful career, a work of art, or a vast commercial empire, your success will depend on others, and theirs will depend on you.”

WILMA RUDOLPH –“When I was going through my transition of being famous, I tried to ask God: Why was I here? What was my purpose? Surely, it wasn’t just to win three gold medals. There has to be more to this life than that.”

WILT ROGERS –“It’s not what you pay a man, but what he costs you that counts.”

WIN PE –“Monk-poet Shin Maha Thilawuntha wrote poems on the thoughts in the Dhamma like the deep tone of a palace drum heard in the far end of the realm. Shin Maharathathara wrote of the nature of kingship and of matters secular in poems like an ensemble for an anyein or like the warble of a karaweik. I marvel at their use of language and a vocabulary both precise and rich. From which deep intellect did they draw it. By which attrition are we losing it. I feel sad for our collective forgetfulness.”

WINNIE THE POOH –“If there ever comes a day when we can’t be together, keep me in your heart I’ll stay there forever.”

WINNIE THE POOH –“If you live to be a hundred, I want to live to be a hundred minus one day, so I never have to live without you.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL – “There are a lot of lies going around … and half of them are true.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL – “There are a lot of lies going around … and half of them with out socialism is slavery and brutality.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak. Courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Democracy is the worst form of government Except for all the others that have been tried.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“During my life, I have often had to eat my own words, and on the whole I have found them a wholesome diet.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“However beautiful the strategy, you should occasionally look at the results.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“I am ready to meet my maker, but whether He is prepared for the ordeal is another matter.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“I do not resent criticism even if for the sake of emphasis it parts for the time with reality.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“I like pigs. Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“If you are going through hell keep going.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL -“If you have an important point to make don’t try to be subtle or clever. Use a pile driver. Hit the point once. Then come back and hit it again. Then hit it a third time-a tremendous whack”.

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“If you have an important point to make, don’t try to be subtle or clever. Use a pile driver. Hit the point once. Then come back and hit it again, Then hit it a third time, a tremendous whack.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“In war, you can only be killed once, but in polities, many times.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Kites rise highest against the wind – not with it.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Let the children have their night of fun and laughter, let the gifts of Father Christmas delight their play. Let us grown-ups share to the full in their unstinted pleasures…”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry on as if nothing happened.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“One voyage to India is enough; the others are merely repletion.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Play the game for more than you can afford to lose… only then will you learn the game.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Politics are almost as exciting as war and quite as dangerous. In war you can only be killed once, but in politics many times.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“The empires of the future are empire of the mind.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“The price of greatness is responsibility.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“We are happier in many ways when we are old than when we were young. The young grow wild oats, the old grow sage.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“We make a living by what we get, we make a life by what we give.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“When I look back on all these worries I remember the story of the old man who said on his deathbed that he had a lot of trouble in his life, most of which never happened.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Without measureless and perpetual uncertainty the drama of human life would be destroyed.”

WINSTON CHUECHILL –“Yes, madam, I am drunk. But in the morning I will be sober and you will still be ugly.”

WINWOOD READE –“And then, the earth being small, mankind will migrate into space, and will cross the air is Saharas that separate, planet from planet, and sun from sun. The earth will become a Holy Land that will be visited by pilgrims from all quarters of the universe.”

WITHROP ALDRICH –“The price of power is responsibility for the public good.”

WM LEWIS –“The tragedy of life is not that it ends so soon, but that we wait so long to begin it.”

WOLF BLITZER –“You always give the aggrieved party the chance to respond before you publish or go to air.”

WOLFDYKE B KING –“The beautiful thing about learning is nobody can take it away from you.”

WOODROW T WILSON –“All things come to him who waits – provided he knows what he is waiting for.”

WOODROW T WILSON –“I would rather lose in a cause that will some day win, than win in a cause that will some day lose.”

WOODROW WILSON- “It is not an army that we must train for war, it is a nation.”

WOODROW WILSON- “There must be, not a balance of power, but community of power, not organized rivalries, but an organized peace.”

WOODROW WILSON –“You cannot be friends upon any other terms than upon the terms of equality.”

WOODY ALLEN – “How it is possible to find meaning in a finite world, given my waist and shirt size.”

WOODY ALLEN – “Not only is there no god, but try getting a plumber on weekends.”

WOODY ALLEN –“Don’t let your mind go wandering, its too small to go out by itself.”

WOODY ALLEN- “Eternal nothingness is fine if you happen to be dressed for it.”

WOODY ALLEN –“Eternal nothingness is fine if you happen to be dressed for it.”

WOODY ALLEN –“I am not afraid of death, I just don’t want to be there when it happens.”

WOODY ALLEN –“I don’t want to achieve immortality through my work… I want to achieve it through not dying.”

WOODY ALLEN –“If you’re not failing, you’re not trying anything.”

WOODY ALLEN –“I’m astounded by people who want to ‘know’ the universe when it’s hard enough to find your way around Chinatown.”

WOODY ALLEN –“I’m astounded by people who want to ‘know’ the universe when it’s hard enough to find your way around Chinatown.”

WOODY ALLEN –“I’m not afraid to die. I just don’t want to be there when it happens.”

WOODY ALLEN –“My one regret in life is that I am not someone else.”

WOODY ALLEN –“No man is truly married until he understands every word his wife is not saying.”

WOODY ALLEN –“People who drink to drown their sorrows should be told that sorrow knows how to swim.”

WOODY ALLEN –“Sex without love is an empty experience, but, as empty experience go, it’s one of the best.”

WOODY ALLEN –“The heart wants what it wants. There is no logic to those things.”

WOODY ALLEN –“The heart wants what it wants…. There’s no logic to those things.”

WOODY ALLEN –“To you I’m atheist; to God, I’m the Loyal Opposition.”

WOODY ALLEN –“You see me as an atheist. God see me as the loyal opposition.”

WORLD BANK –“If you are not reforming, another country will overtake you.”

WORLD BANK –“Reform is like repairing a car with the engine running— there is no time to strategise.”

WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, 1948 –“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

WORLD SCRIPTURE –“In a family, parents are responsible for the welfare of children and offer children an embracing, unconditional love.”

WRITINGS OF BAHA WTAH –“No man shall attain the shores of the ocean of true understanding except he be detached from all that is in heaven and on earth.”

WRITINGS OF BAHA’u’LLAH –“That seeker must at all times put his trust in God, must renounce the peoples of the earth, detach himself from the world of dust, and cleave unto Him Who is the Lord of Lords. If anyone revile you, or trouble touch you, in the path of God, be patient, and put your trust in Him Who heareth, who seeth. He, in truth, witnesseth, and perceiveth, and doeth what He pleaseth, through the power of His sovereignty.”

WTPURKISER –“Not what we say about our blessings, but how he uses them, is the true measure of our thanksgiving.”

XENOCRATES –“I have often regretted my speech, never my silence.”

XHARYA MAHAPRAJNA –“The principle of anekanta symbolizes the fact that no element is either different or same as the total. It is both separate and integrated. A person is not entirely different from this universe; yet, he is not the same. We are undeniably connected — that is why we lead both dependent and independent lives.”

XUN ZI –“A person is born with desires of the eyes and ears, and a liking for beautiful sights and sounds. If he gives way to them, they will lead him to immorality and lack of restriction, and any ritual principles and propriety will be abandoned.”

Y V REDDY –“In India our mandate encompasses both growth and stability.”

Y.B.YEATS –“Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of fire.”

YAMAMOTO TSUNETOMO –“There is surely nothing other than the single purpose of the present moment. A man’s whole life is a succession of moment after moment. If one fully understands the present moment, there will be nothing else to do, and nothing else to pursue. Live being true to the single purpose of the moment. Everyone lets the present moment slip by then looks for it as though he thought it were somewhere else. No one seems to have noticed this fact. But grasping this firmly one must pile experience upon experience. And once one has come to this understanding he will be a different person from that point on, though he may not always bear it in mind. When one understands this settling into single- mindedness well, his affairs will thin out.”

YAMANA ESKIMO –“Do not seek to benefit only yourself; think of other people also… If you were lucky in hunting, let others share it. Moreover, show them the favourable spots… let others, too, have their share. If you want to amass everything for yourself other people will stay way from you; no one will want to be with you. If you should fall ill one day no one will visit you because, for your part, you did not formerly concern yourself about others. Grant other people something also. The Yamana do not like a person who acts selfishly.”

YANN MARTEL –“To choose doubt as a philosophy of life is akin to choosing immobility as a means of transportation.”

YASNA –“All these, indeed, gather unto Thee, 0 Mazda! They who have done Thy work, whose actions accord with the Truth, Whose words proceed from the Good-Mind, Whose Inspirer art Thou from the very beginning.”

YASNA –“At the last turning of life to the faithful making the right choice according to his norm doth Ahura Mazda, the Lord Judge, in His sovereign power Bestow an end better than good. But to him who shall not serve the cause of good, He giveth an end worse than bad, at the last turning of life.”

YASNA –“He who upholds Truth with all the might of his power, he who Upholds Truth the utmost in his word and deed, he, indeed, is thy most valued helper, 0 Ahura Mazda!”

YASNA –“I shall take the awakened soul to the exalted abode with the help of the Good-Mind, Knowing the blissful rewards of the Wise Lord for righteous deeds. As long as I have power and strength I shall teach all to seek for Truth and Right.”

YASNA –“May the true-spoken word triumph over the false-spoken word.”

YASNA –“Through Thy power, 0 Lord, Make life renovated, real at Thy will.”

YASNA –“With Truth moving my heart, With Best Thought inspiring my mind, with all the might of spiritual force within me, I venerate Thee, 0 Mazda, with songs of Thy praise. And at the last when I shall stand at Thy Gate I shall hear the echo of my prayers from Thy Abode of Songs.”

YASSER ARAFAT- “Choose your friend carefully. Your enemy will choose you.”

YASSER ARAFAT –“I extend my congratulations to the Israeli people towards the Jewish new year. I hope this holiday will be the beginning of a new era of peace and security between the two peoples — the Israelis and Palestinians and other people m the region.”

YASSER ARAFAT –“Whoever stands by a just cause cannot possibly be called a terrorist.”

YEHUDI MENUHIN –“Music creates order out of chaos: for rhythm imposes unanimity upon the divergent, melody imposes continuity upon the disjointed, and harmony imposes compatibility upon the incongruous.”

YEVGENY YEVTUSHENKO –“Who never knew the price of happiness will not be happy.”

YIDDISH PROVERB –“The whole world is a dream, and death the interpreter.”

YIDDISH PROVERB –“What soap is to the body, laughter is to the soul?”

YIDDISH PROVERB –“With money in your pocket, you are wise and you are handsome and you sing well too.”

YITTA HALBERSTAM & JUDITH LEVENTHAL –“At times, all we have to do in life is show up, be present, and allow the magic to unfold.”

YOGA SUTRAS –“When one is established in non-injury, beings give up their mutual animosity in his presence.”

YOGI BERRA –“You got to be careful if you don’t know where you’re going, because you might not get there.”

YOGIBERRA –“You should always go to other people’s funerals; otherwise, they won’t come to yours.”

YOHYA B. MU’AD AL RAZI- “Paradise is the prison of the sage, just as the world is the prison of the believers.”

YOKA DAISHI –“The Mind like a mirror is brightly illuminating and knows no obstructions, It penetrates the vast universe to its minutest crevices; All its contents, multitudinous in form, are reflected in the Mind, Which, shining like a perfect gem, has no surface, nor the inside.”

YORUBA PROVERB –“Lack of respect to the constituted authority is the source of most conflicts in the world.”

YORUBA PROVERB –“Lying does not mean that one could not be rich; Treachery does not mean you may not live to old age; But it is the day of death (judgment) about which one should be baffled.”

YORUBA PROVERB –“Offend me and I will question you — this is the medicine for friendship.”

YORUBA VERSE –“Only few people act in our interest in our absence, When we are not around. But in our presence, all display their love for us.”

YOSHIDA KENKO – “Ambition never comes to an end.”

YOSHIKO NOMURA –“The law of cause and effect without exception rules all events that take place in the phenomenal world. There is no effect without a cause and each effect becomes a new cause.”

YUL BRYNNER –“Girls have an unfair advantage over men: if they can’t get what they want by being smart, they can get it by being dumb.”

YURI GAGARIN –“To be the first to enter the cosmos, to engage, single-handed, in an unprecedented duel with nature—could one dream of anything more? When I orbited the Earth in a spaceship, I saw for the first time how beautiful our planet is, Mankind, let us preserve and increase this beauty, and not destroy it!”

Z.A.BHUTTO- “Democracy is a flexible art. What appears impossible today is possible tomorrow.”

ZACHARY SCOTT –“As you grow older, you’ll find the only things you regret are the things you didn’t do.”

ZADOK RABINWITZ –“A man’s dreams are an index to his greatness.”

ZAFARNAMA -“God is the Master of the earth and the sky: He is the Creator of all men, all places. He it is who creates all — from the feeble ant to the powerful elephant, and is the Embellisher of the meek and Destroyer of the reckless. His name is: “Protector of the meek”, And Himself He is dependent upon no one’s support or obligation. He has no twist in Him, no doubt. And, He shows man the Way to Redemption and Release, From the Guru’s.”

ZAHARIAS –“Winning has always meant much to me, but winning friends has meant the most.”

ZARATHUSTRA –“Courage begets strength by struggle with hardships. Courage grows from fighting danger and overcoming obstacles. Develop the courage to act according to your convictions, to speak what is true, and to do what is Right.”

ZARATHUSTRA –“Seek your happiness in the happiness of all. Regard the sorrows and sufferings of others as yours and hasten to assuage them.”

ZARATHUSTRA –“These two Primordial Principles in One, Of Light and Darkness, Good and 111, that seem Apart from one another, yet are bound Inseparably together, each to each In Thought, in Word, in Action, everywhere. Are they in operation; and the wise Walk on the side of Light, while the unwise follow the other until they grow wise? These ancient Two, in mutual wrestle-play Give birth to Twin- Desires, high and low, that shape as Hate-Mentality in some, in others as the Better Mind of Love. 0 Mighty Lord of Wisdom, Mazada! Supreme, Infinite, Universal Mind!, Ahura! thou that givest Life to all!,/ Grant me the power to control this , mind,/ This Lower Mind i of mine, this egoism, And put an end to all Duality,/And gain the reign of One as is desired/ Unconsciously by even the graceless ones,/ The evil sinners, in their heart of hearts.”

ZARATHUSTRA-“Courage begets strength by struggle with hardships. Courage grows from fighting danger and overcoming obstacles. Develop the courage to act according to your convictions, to speak what is true, and to do what is right.”

ZAUQ- “An increase in love increases the light in the world.”

ZELDA FITZGERALD- ‘I don’t want to live – I want to love first, and live incidentally.”

ZELDA FITZGERALD –“I don’t want to live- I want to love first and live incidentally.”

ZEN –“Life is the only thing worth living for.”

ZEN BUDDHISM –“A University Professor went to see Nan-in, a Zen Master, to find out more about Zen. As their meeting continued Nan-in was pouring Tea and continued to pour even though the cup was overflowing. The Professor cried. “Enough! No more will go in!” Nan-in replied, “Like this cup you are full of your own opinions and speculations. How can I show you Zen unless you first empty your cup?”

ZEN BUDDHISM –“The world is like a mirror, you see? Smile and it smiles back.”

ZEN MASTER KYONG HO –“Accept the anxieties and difficulties of this life … Attain deliverance in disturbance.”

ZEN SAYING –“To know and not to do is not yet to know.”

ZEN STORY –“One day it was announced by Master Joshu that the young monk Kyogen had reached an enlightened state. Much impressed by this news, several of his peers went to speak with him. “We have heard that you are enlightened. Is this true?” they inquired. “It is”, Kyogen answered. “Tell us”, said a friend, “how do you feel?” “As miserable as ever”, replied the enlightened Kyogen.”

ZEN THOUGHT –“Before enlightenment —chop wood and carry water. After enlightenment — chop wood and carry water.”

ZHUANG ZI –“Life is finite, While knowledge is infinite.”

ZIG ZIGLAR – “If you go looking for a friend, you’re going to find they’re very scarce. If you go out to be a friend, you’ll find them every where.”

ZIG ZIGLAR – “Many marriages would be better if the husband and the wife clearly understood that they are on the same side.”

ZIG ZIGLAR –“A lot of people have gone farther than they thought they could because someone else thought they could.”

ZIG ZIGLAR –“All of us perform better and more willingly when we know why we’re doing what we have been told or asked to do.”

ZIG ZIGLAR –“Kids go where there is excitement. They stay where there is love.”

ZIG ZIGLAR –“Success is the maximum utilization of the ability that you have.”

ZSA ZSA GABOR –“A man in love is incomplete until he has married. Then he’s finished.”

ZSA ZSA GABOR- “Getting divorced just because you don’t love a man is almost as silly as getting married just because you do.”

ZSA ZSA GABOR –“Husbands are like fires. They go out if unattended.”

ZSA ZSA GABOR –“I am a marvelous housekeeper. Every time I leave a man, I keep his house.”

ZSA ZSA GABOR –“I know nothing about sex because I was always married.”

ZSA ZSA GABOR –“I want a man who’s kind and understanding. Is that too much to ask of a millionaire.”

ZSA ZSA GABOR –“I’m an excellent housekeeper. Every time I get a divorce, I keep the home.”

Mr. Ashok Sharma